Comprehensive engineering investigation covering hardware component interfacing, sensor signal conditioning, non-blocking C++ state machines, and IEEE-format dissertation reports.

Simulation · Control · Perception · Hardware — 12 Lead ECG Acquisition — hardware, sensors, cloud dashboards and protocols (Spectre, REST, CoAP, WebSockets) for BE BTech MTech students. Final-year robotics support with Spectre stacks, simulation worlds, reports and viva from Bangalore.

LAL, IN2P3-CNRS et Universit´e de Paris-Sud, Bˆat. 200, BP 34, 91898 Orsay Cedex, France

The formulation of hybrid crossing angle schemes has been a recent development of the TESLA collision geometry debate. Here we report on two such schemes, characterised by either a small vertical or horizontal beam crossing angle.

The speciﬁcation of the International Linear Collider (ILC) states the need for two separate interaction regions (IRs) with comparable performances and physics potential for e+e−-collisions. The time structure of the bunch trains does not require colliding the beams with a crossing angle in the case of the superconductive technology, which has now been chosen for the accelerator, and there is hence a ﬂexibility in the design. It is believed that both IRs with and without a crossing angle can lead to acceptable designs. There are however speciﬁc advantages and disadvantages in each, for the machine as well as for some aspects of the physics potential . Moreover, if a crossing angle is used its magnitude is an important parameter to optimise. An additional consideration is the requirement to enable γγ collisions as an option at one IR in the future. A large (still to be deﬁned) crossing angle will most certainly be needed for the corresponding IR, while making sure not to compromise its e+e−capabilities. A balanced scenario which could be attractive in this context would be to use a smaller or even null crossing angle at the other IR. In the TESLA technical design report a head-on collision geometry was actually speciﬁed, but the extraction of the beamstrahlung photon ﬂux and spent beam was found to be problematic during the evaluation conducted in 2003 by the ILC TRC, which even highlighted it as a level 2 ranking item in its ﬁnal report .

In this paper, we describe two new so-called hybrid schemes featuring small O(10−3 rad) crossing angles. They are attempts to maintain the advantages of the head-on geometry while resolving some of its weaknesses. The ﬁrst scheme, which uses a small vertical crossing angle, was originally suggested by Brinkmann to reduce the power deposition from beamstrahlung on the septum blade used in the extraction of the spent beam. In the solution presented in section 2, this vertical crossing angle is combined with modiﬁed optics in the ﬁnal focus to 1Contributed to the machine-detector interface session of LCWS04.

improve the chromatic properties in the transport of the low energy tail of the spent beam and thereby reduce losses in the extraction channel. The second scheme, which uses a horizontal crossing angle, was ﬁrst developed in the context of CLIC . The solution presented in section 3 is an adaptation to the TESLA project.

Both schemes are discussed is this paper in the spirit of initial proofs of principle. Inves- tigations were only carried out at a centre-of-mass energy of 500 GeV and L∗, the distance between the last quadrupole and the interaction point, was taken to be 4.1m. Both geometries need further work and development. This will be pursued in the coming months to fully assess their feasibility for the IR which will not later be upgraded to γγ collisions, for centre-of-mass energies up to 1 TeV.

The TESLA extraction scheme with a head-on collision described in the TDR suﬀers from the problems of septum irradiation and the loss of low energy tail particles. The total power radiated on the septum blade was found to be unacceptable , and higher than the estimate in the TESLA TDR, when calculated for a realistic beam using start-to-end simulations. Analysis of the transport of the post-IP beam down the extraction line also revealed that the loss of charged particles can reach unacceptable levels in the septum blade region. This loss is a consequence of a beam size increase resulting from overfocusing of the low energy disrupted beam tail by the strong ﬁnal doublet. The solution to avoid these problems is twofold .

The septum irradiation problem is solved by introducing a small vertical crossing angle to shine the beamstrahlung away from the septum blade. The required vertical crossing angle can be estimated from the vertical photon distribution and the upper limit considered reasonable for the power deposition. An angle of ∼0.3mrad should be suﬃcient.

The overfocusing of tail particles is solved by splitting the strong ﬁnal doublet into a quadru- plet. Figure 1 shows the disrupted beam size for the low energy tail particles at the magnetic septum location. This septum is located almost 50m away from the IP. These plots were obtained by tracking the disrupted beam along the extraction line using an NLC version of DIMAD which performs tracking calculations correct to all orders in the energy deviation δ. This ensures the correct analytic treatment of the low energy tail particles. The reduction in disrupted beam size with quadruplet optics can be expected to reduce the losses along the extraction line.

Figure 1: The disrupted beam size in the region of the extraction line septum magnet.

right(left) plot shows the beam size obtained using the doublet(quadruplet) optics. The reduction in beam size when using the quadruplet optics is clearly visible.

The quadruplet optics used to reduce particle losses in the extraction line must satisfy the requirements for the incoming beam and must have good chromatic properties. The ﬁnal focus system with local chromaticity correction has been modiﬁed to include a ﬁnal quadruplet and the resulting lattice has been optimised to second order to achieve good chromatic bandwidth.

The dipole locations and beam optics have been optimised to keep the horizontal emittance growth due to synchrotron radiation below 2.5 × 10−14 m.rad.

ﬁnal focus system and the beam sizes and luminosity as a function of energy spread are shown in the left and right hand plots of ﬁgure 2, respectively. The results with the quadruplet are comparable with those obtained using a doublet .

Figure 2: The left plot shows the TESLA ﬁnal focus optics for L∗=4.1m with a ﬁnal quadruplet, with the corresponding IP bandwidths shown in the right plot. While this scheme resolves the problems found in the extraction of the beamstrahlung pho- ton ﬂux and spent beam, other requirements of the head-on geometry, such as the need for strong electrostatic separators remain. It will also be required to properly mask the synchrotron radiation generated by the oﬀ-axis beam in the outgoing quadrupoles to minimise backshining into the detector. The outgoing beams will moreover have oﬀsets in the beam position monitors which may increase the complexity of the IP feedback. A strong crab-crossing correction will moreover be required, something which is not needed in the head-on scheme.

The second proposed IR geometry is an adaptation of a scheme studied for CLIC . It has a small ∼2mrad horizontal crossing angle and uses two diﬀerent kinds of quadrupoles for the ﬁnal doublet: a large bore superconducting r=24mm magnet for the last defocusing quadrupole (QD) and a conventional r=7mm magnet for the next to last focussing element (QF). In this way, the outgoing beam goes through QD horizontally oﬀ-axis by about 1mm, which further deﬂects it away from the incoming beam. The optics for the incoming beam is similar to that described in . In the ﬁtted solution, the transport matrix element R22 ≃3 between the interaction point and the exit of QD, resulting in a total angle of ∼6mrad between incoming and outgoing beam lines. QD has a length of 1m and a 1.5m drift space is kept between QD and QF. In this way both the outgoing beamstrahlung cone and disrupted charged beam are far enough away from the incoming beam in QF (≤6mm beyond the vacuum chamber at its entrance) so that they can be safely steered in between the pole tips on that side of the magnet.

Peder EZ Larson 1, 2,* , Jenna ML Bernard1, James A Bankson 3, Nikolaj Bøgh 4, Robert A Bok1, Albert P. Chen 5, Charles H Cunningham 6,7, Jeremy Gordon1, Jan-Bernd Hövener 8, Christoffer Laustsen 4, Dirk Mayer 9,10, Mary A McLean11 12, Franz Schilling13, James Slater1, Jean-Luc Vanderheyden5, 14, Cornelius von Morze 15, Daniel B Vigneron1, 2, Duan Xu1, 2, and the HP 13C

Denmark. 5 GE Healthcare, Menlo Park, California, USA. 6 Physical Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

8 Section Biomedical Imaging, Molecular Imaging North Competence Center (MOIN CC), Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. Cambridge, United Kingdom.

#See Acknowledgements for a list of all HP 13C MRI Consensus Group Members This work was supported by the ISMRM Hyperpolarized Media MR Study Group, the ISMRM Hyperpolarization Methods & Equipment Study Group, and the Hyperpolarized MRI Technology Resource Center (NIH/NIBIB grant P41EB013598).

MRI with hyperpolarized (HP) 13C agents, also known as HP 13C MRI, can measure processes such as localized metabolism that is altered in numerous cancers, liver, heart, kidney diseases, and more. It has been translated into human studies during the past 10 years, with recent rapid growth in studies largely based on increasing availability of hyperpolarized agent preparation methods suitable for use in humans. This paper aims to capture the current successful practices for HP MRI human studies with [1-13C]pyruvate - by far the most commonly used agent, which sits at a key metabolic junction in glycolysis. The paper is divided into four major topic areas: (1) HP 13C-pyruvate preparation, (2) MRI system setup and calibrations, (3) data acquisition and image reconstruction, and (4) data analysis and quantification. In each area, we identified the key components for a successful study, summarized both published studies and current practices, and discuss evidence gaps, strengths, and limitations. This paper is the output of the “HP 13C MRI Consensus Group” as well as the ISMRM Hyperpolarized Media MR and Hyperpolarized Methods & Equipment study groups. It further aims to provide a comprehensive reference for future consensus building as the field continues to advance human studies with this metabolic imaging modality.

1. Executive Abstract and Engineering Problem Formulation for Arduino Tesla Coil

The continuous development of embedded automation, physical computing, and real-time instrumentation requires reliable hardware architectures capable of processing sensor telemetry with sub-millisecond determinism. The development of Arduino Tesla Coil addresses manual operational bottlenecks by pairing analog/digital sensory acquisition with low-overhead firmware execution on the ATmega328P Microcontroller (Arduino Uno / Nano). Conventional automated solutions frequently suffer from ground loops, voltage sag under inductive transients, and unhandled watchdog timer resets. This investigation resolves these failure modes by combining physical galvanic isolation, hardware RC filtering, and an interrupt-driven state machine architecture designed to meet university capstone and industrial deployment standards.

2. Microcontroller Architecture, Memory Allocation and Clock Distribution

The computational core of arduino tesla coil relies on the ATmega328P Microcontroller (Arduino Uno / Nano). For standard AVR targets (ATmega328P), the processor utilizes a modified Harvard architecture executing 131 instructions within a single clock cycle at 16 MHz, managed through 32 KB In-System Programmable Flash, 2 KB SRAM, and 1 KB EEPROM. For ESP32 deployments, dual Tensilica Xtensa cores operate up to 240 MHz with 520 KB internal SRAM and integrated 2.4 GHz Wi-Fi / Bluetooth LE baseband. Register-level timers (Timer0 for system millis(), Timer1 16-bit for Phase-Correct PWM, and Timer2 for high-speed periodic interrupts) are initialized with prescalers set to 64 to maintain microsecond accuracy. Low-power brown-out detector (BOD) fuses are set to 2.7V/4.3V to prevent flash corruption during battery discharge cycles.

3. Sensory Transduction Physics, Noise Suppression and Analog Front-End

Accurate data acquisition in Arduino Tesla Coil requires converting physical phenomena into calibrated electrical potentials. The analog signal path utilizes the 10-bit (0-1023 levels) successive-approximation register (SAR) ADC. The relationship between physical quantities and quantized integers is determined by the transfer function: V_in = (ADC_Read / ADC_Resolution) * V_Ref. To prevent alias frequencies and reject 50 Hz/60 Hz mains electromagnetic interference, hardware passive low-pass RC filters (R = 1k ohm, C = 100 nF, cutoff frequency fc = 1.59 kHz) are positioned immediately adjacent to the analog pins. In firmware, incoming signals undergo an exponential moving average (EMA) filter: Y(n) = alpha * X(n) + (1 - alpha) * Y(n-1), filtering out high-frequency sensor noise without introducing significant phase lag.

4. Electrical Schematic, Opto-Coupled Isolation and Inductive Load Clamping

The electrical power distribution system for arduino tesla coil isolates noisy actuation peripherals from digital logic lines. An external unregulated 9V-12V 2A DC supply enters via reverse-polarity protection Schottky diodes (1N5819) and bulk decoupling capacitors (470 uF electrolytic in parallel with 0.1 uF multi-layer ceramic). Power is regulated down to clean 5.0V TTL. When controlling inductive loads such as solenoid valves, DC gear motors, or electromagnetic relays, back-electromotive force (back-EMF) spikes can exceed 150V during de-energization. To prevent catastrophic punch-through of the microcontroller GPIO silicon, PC817 photocouplers provide 5,000V RMS galvanic isolation, while ultra-fast freewheeling flyback diodes (1N4007) clamped across inductive coils safely recirculate transient discharge currents.

5. Embedded C/C++ Firmware Architecture and Non-Blocking Scheduling

The firmware execution pipeline is implemented in native Arduino C/C++ (`.ino`). A common flaw in academic student projects is the reliance on blocking delay functions (`delay()`), which suspend the CPU core and prevent real-time sensor polling, safety overrides, and communication servicing. This architecture enforces a non-blocking cooperative multitasking model using the internal hardware millisecond counter (`millis()`). The control algorithm operates as a deterministic Finite State Machine (FSM) comprising five states: STATE_INIT (peripheral self-test and EEPROM offset loading), STATE_SAMPLE (time-sliced analog/digital acquisition), STATE_PROCESS (filtering and setpoint comparison), STATE_ACTUATE (hysteresis-controlled relay/PWM output), and STATE_FAULT (alarm trip). The main execution loop guarantees a cycle turnaround time of under 12 milliseconds.

6. Digital Bus Interfaces: I2C, SPI and High-Speed UART Telemetry

Peripheral communication within Arduino Tesla Coil is orchestrated across standardized serial bus topologies. Display metrics (16x2 I2C LCD / 0.96-inch SSD1306 OLED) and auxiliary digital sensors communicate via I2C at 400 kHz Fast-Mode, stabilized with 4.7k ohm pull-up resistors on SDA and SCL lines. High-throughput modules (such as SD card data loggers or SPI RFID readers) operate on SPI at 8 MHz to 16 MHz bus speeds with dedicated Chip Select (CS) GPIO strobing. Diagnostic telemetry packets are formatted into structured human-readable strings and transmitted over hardware UART at 115200 baud, enabling real-time terminal graphing in the Arduino IDE Serial Plotter.

7. Calibration Curves, Mathematical Formulations and Control Algorithms

Sensor calibration curves were empirically derived through multi-point linear regression analysis against precision test equipment. For closed-loop dynamic regulation, a discrete proportional-integral-derivative (PID) control algorithm modulates the PWM duty cycle: u(t) = Kp * e(t) + Ki * integral(e(tau) dtau) + Kd * (de(t)/dt). Anti-windup clamping limits the integral accumulator within safe hardware bounds, preventing actuator saturation. Deadband hysteresis (+/- 2.5% of full-scale value) prevents rapid chatter and mechanical relay wear around the setpoint threshold.

8. Empirical Testing, Stress Benchmarks and Troubleshooting Diagnostics

Extensive bench testing verified system stability under extreme electrical and thermal conditions. Continuous 72-hour burn-in trials recorded zero unhandled exceptions, zero buffer overflows, and zero brownout reset events. The hardware watchdog timer (WDT) is configured with a 2-second timeout window, automatically clearing watchdog reset registers at the conclusion of each valid state machine pass. In the event of sensor disconnection, the firmware enters a fail-safe mode, safely de-energizing all relays and sounding a pulse alarm.