Simulia Abaqus Cartilage Model

Yasser A. Ahmed1 And Mohammed Abdelsabour-Khalaf2

Received: 31 December 2017; Accepted: 24 January 2018

Abstract

Chondrocytes are described as one cell population in different cartilage types. The auricular cartilage in mouse and rat contains unique chondrocytes similar in morphology to white adipocytes and known as "lipochondrocytes". Lipochondrocytes were not mentioned in other species. The current study aimed to explore the existence of this cell type in rabbits. The auricles of adult male white rabbits were harvested and processed for histological examination with light and electron microscopy. With the light microscopy, the auricular cartilage of adult rabbits contained central large rounded adipocyte-like chondrocytes, termed in the current study “adipochondrocytes” The adipochondrocytes were embedded in relatively wide lacunae and had large lipid droplets with a rim of cytoplasm. This result was confirmed by the scanning electron microscopy. With the transmission electron microscopy, the adipochondrocytes showed dark nucleus and electron-dense cytoplasm with few organelles and cytoplasmic processes. The adipochondrocytes of the auricular cartilage in adult rabbits were unique cell type and different from chondrocytes in other cartilage subtypes. This result should be considered during cartilage transplant. Further studies are suggested to investigate the development and physiological roles of adipochondrocytes in the auricular cartilage in rabbits.

Key words: Adipochondrocytes, Rabbit, Auricular cartilage, Lipochondrocytes.

Cartilage Is An Avascular Type Of Connective

tissue exists in three subtypes; hyaline, elastic and fibrocartilage. The cartilage subtypes have different anatomical locations. For example, hyaline cartilage is found on articular surfaces, in the respiratory tract, and in ribs. Elastic cartilage is present in the external

Fibrocartilage

predominates in the intervertebral discs, and in the ligaments and tendons (Mescher 2015). Each cartilage

(Naumann Et Al., 2002). In General, The Elastic

cartilage is mostly cellular with a little ECM (Ito et al., 2001). Furthermore, the elastic cartilage in adult rats and mice is unique. Its chondrocytes are occupied by large fat droplets resembling the white adipocytes and its ECM is sparse but rich in elastic fibers and

Never Been Mineralized (Sanzone And Reith 1976,

Kostovic-Knezevic et al., 1981, Mallinger and Böck 1985, Bradamante et al., 1991). The chondrocytes in

Termed As “Lipochondrocytes” (Sanzone And Reith

1976). Lipochondrocytes were not mentioned in other species. It is not clear if this type of chondrocytes is specific to mice and rats or could be found in the auricular cartilage of other species. We hypothesized that these cells could be found in small mammalian species thus, the current study was undertaken with

The Aim Of Exploring These Cells In The Auricular

cartilage of rabbit.

Study Area

The current study was conducted in the Laboratory of January 2017 to July 2017.

Apparently Healthy, Mature (6-Month Old) Male New

Zealand White rabbits (n=15) were obtained from the

Qena,

Egypt.

106

buffered formalin (NPF; pH=7.4) for 24 hours for the

Hours For Examination With The Scanning (Sem) And

transmission (TEM) electron microscopy.

Hematoxylin And Eosin (H&E) As A General Stain,

periodic acid–schiff (PAS) for neutral GAGs, alcian blue for acidic GAGs, combined PAS-alcian blue for

Masson'S Trichrome For Collagen Fibers And Orcein

stains for elastic fibers detection (Jones et al. 2008).

Leica Digital Camera (Leica Icc50) Using ×4, ×10,

×40 and ×100 objectives in JPEG format.

Fixed Specimens Were Dehydrated In Ascending

grades of ethanol. The specimens were dried, coated with gold in a sputter coater and examined with the

Fixed Specimens Were Dehydrated In Ascending

grades of ethanol and embedded in Spurr's resin.

Glass Knife. Semithin Sections (0.5 Μm Thickness)

were stained with toluidine blue and ultrathin sections (80-100 nm) were stained with lead citrate and uranyl

Acetate, Then Examined With The Tem (Jeol1010) At

the Central Laboratory of the SVU.

Histomorphometry

The thickness of the auricular cartilage, the diameters

Of

adipochondrocytes, the adipochondrocyte/ ECM ratio area and cellular density (the number of cells in a specific area) were measured using the free imageJ software (https://imagej.nih.gov/ij/). The results were

Morphology Of The Adipochondrocytes

The auricular cartilage plate of the white rabbits

Consisted Of Hypertrophic White Adipocyte-Like

chondrocytes inside their rounded to oval lacunae. These cells were termed “Adipochondrocytes” in the current study. The adipochondrocytes occupied most of the central zone of the auricular cartilage and were

Surrounded By Flattened Collagenous Tissue Of

perichondrium. In addition, smaller ovoid cells were

Adipochondrocytes And The Perichondrium, And

contained varying amounts of lipid droplets (Fig. 1A-

Occupied By Single Large Rounded To Oval Lipid

droplets. The lipid droplets of the adipochondrocytes dissolved during paraffin section preparation, leaving

Resembling The “Signet Ring” Appearance Of The

adipocytes (Fig. 1A, B). With osmium tetroxide-fixed specimens, the lipid could be preserved and appeared as large droplets nearly filling the cell except for a rim of toluidine blue-stained cytoplasm (Fig. 1C).

The Adipochondrocytes Had Flattened Peripherally

located nucleus and some cells were binucleated (Fig. 1B). The perichondrial or territorial matrix appeared empty in sections stained with H&E (Fig. 1A, B) or

With

toluidine blue (Fig. 1C). With the SEM, the overall structure of the cartilage

Light

microscopy. Adipochondrocytes contained large lipid

Droplets. Some Adipochondrocytes Had Many Very

small lipid droplets scattered over the cytoplasm and some had large and small droplets, while some cells appeared empty. Furthermore, some lacunae appeared closed or partially opened (Fig. 1D, E).

The Tem Examination Revealed Lipid Droplets

surrounded by amorphous dark areas in the electron-

Membrane Showed Many Cellular Processes Extended

into a proteoglycan-rich territorial matrix (Fig. 1F).

The

adipochondrocytes appeared empty with H&E (Fig.

1A, B), Stained Metachromatic With Toluidine Blue

(Fig. 1C) and stained strongly positive with alcian blue and positive with PAS (Fig. 2A) and safranin-O (Fig. 2B).

With TEM, the territorial matrix was well preserved and characterized by its high contents of proteoglycan

Materials (Fig. 1F). The Interterritorial Matrix

between the adipochondrocytes stained positive with

Pas (Fig. 2A), Safranin-O (Fig. 2B), Masson’S

trichrome (Fig. 2C) and orcein stains (Fig. 2 D) but weak positive with alcian blue (Fig. 2A). With the TEM, the interterritorial matrix appeared consisted of a network of dense-granule proteoglycans integrated with amorphous areas of elastin and collagen fibers were seen in some areas (Fig. 2 E, F).

Rabbits Was 118.1 ± 1.8Μm. The Adipochondrocytes

embedded in lacunae with a diameter of 32.9 ± 0.8µm

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