Blockchain Based Car Insurance Fraud Prevention — Complete Documentation & Simulation

Overview & System Context

Blockchain Based Car Insurance Fraud Prevention: Comprehensive Web-Sourced Technical Investigation Exhaustive Research Dossier · Pure Web-Scraped Content: ~9617 Words · Real Software Screenshots: 3 1. Executive Overview & Technical Background A blockchain is a distributed ledger with growing lists of records (blocks) that are securely linked together via cryptographic hashes. Each block contains a cryptographic hash of the previous block, a timestamp, and transaction data (generally represented as a Merkle tree, where data nodes are represented by leaves). Since each block contains information about the previous block, they effectively form a chain (viz. linked list data structure), with each additional block linking to the ones before it. Consequently, blockchain transactions are resistant to alteration because, once recorded, the data in any given block cannot be changed retroactively without altering all subsequent blocks and obtaining network consensus to accept these changes. Blockchains are typically managed by a peer-to-peer (P2P) computer network for use as a public distributed ledger, where nodes collectively adhere to a consensus algorithm protocol to add and validate new transaction blocks.

Although blockchain records are not unalterable, since blockchain forks are possible, blockchains may be considered secure by design and exemplify a distributed computing system with high Byzantine fault tolerance. A blockchain was created by a person (or group of people) using the name (or pseudonym) Satoshi Nakamoto in 2008 to serve as the public distributed ledger for bitcoin cryptocurrency transactions, based on previous work by Stuart Haber, W. Scott Stornetta, and Dave Bayer.

The implementation of the blockchain within bitcoin made it the first digital currency to solve the double-spending problem without the need for a trusted authority or central server. The bitcoin design has inspired other applications and blockchains that are readable by the public and are widely used by cryptocurrencies. The blockchain may be considered a type of payment rail. Private blockchains have been proposed for business use. Computerworld called the marketing of such privatized blockchains without a proper security model "snake oil"; however, others have argued that permissioned blockchains, if carefully designed, may be more decentralized and therefore more secure in practice than permissionless ones.

A blockchain is a decentralized, distributed, and often public, digital ledger consisting of records called blocks that are used to record transactions across many computers so that any involved block cannot be altered retroactively, without the alteration of all subsequent blocks. This allows the participants to verify and audit transactions independently and relatively inexpensively. A blockchain database is managed autonomously using a peer-to-peer network and a distributed timestamping server. They are authenticated by mass collaboration powered by collective self-interests. Such a design facilitates robust workflow where participants' uncertainty regarding data security is marginal. The use of a blockchain removes the characteristic of infinite reproducibility from a digital asset. It confirms that each unit of value was transferred only once, solving the long-standing problem of double-spending. A blockchain has been described as a value-exchange protocol. Logically, a blockchain can be seen as consisting of several layers: infrastructure (hardware) networking (node discovery, information propagation and verification) consensus (proof of work, proof of stake) data (blocks, transactions) application (smart contracts/decentralized applications, if applicable) Permissioned blockchains use an access control layer to govern who has access to the network. It has been argued that permissioned blockchains can guarantee a certain level of decentralization, if carefully designed, as opposed to permissionless blockchains, which are often centralized in practice.

Figure 1: Breakthrough AI Fraud Detection: Thrilling New Insurance Industry Insights Blockchain-based smart contracts are contracts that can be partially or fully executed or enforced without human interaction. One of the main objectives of a smart contract is automated escrow. A key feature of smart contracts is that they do not need a trusted third party (such as a trustee) to act as an intermediary between contracting entities — the blockchain network executes the contract on its own. This may reduce friction between entities when transferring value and could subsequently open the door to a higher level of transaction automation. An IMF staff discussion from 2018 reported that smart contracts based on blockchain technology might reduce moral hazards and optimize the use of contracts in general, but "no viable smart contract systems have yet emerged." Due to the lack of widespread use, their legal status was unclear.

Blockchain technology, such as cryptocurrencies and non-fungible tokens (NFTs), has been used in video games for monetization. Many live-service games offer in-game customization options, such as character skins or other in-game items, which the players can earn and trade with other players using in-game currency. Some games also allow for trading of virtual items using real-world currency, but this may be illegal in some countries where video games are seen as akin to gambling, and has led to gray market issues such as skin gambling, and thus publishers typically have shied away from allowing players to earn real-world funds from games. Blockchain games typically allow players to trade these in-game items for cryptocurrency, which can then be exchanged for money. The first known game to use blockchain technologies was CryptoKitties, launched in November 2017, where the player would purchase NFTs with Ethereum cryptocurrency, each NFT consisting of a virtual pet that the player could breed with others to create offspring with combined traits as new NFTs. The game made headlines in December 2017 when one virtual pet sold for more than US$100,000. CryptoKitties also illustrated scalability problems for games on Ethereum when it created significant congestion on the Ethereum network in early 2018 with approximately 30% of all Ethereum transactions being for the game. By the early 2020s, there had not been a breakout success in video games using blockchain, as these games tend to focus on using blockchain for speculation instead of more traditional forms of gameplay, which offers limited appeal to most players. Such games also represent a high risk to investors as their revenues can be difficult to predict. However, limited successes of some games, such as Axie Infinity during the COVID-19 pandemic, and corporate plans towards metaverse content, refueled interest in the area of GameFi, a term describing the intersection of video games and financing typically backed by blockchain currency, in the second half of 2021.

Several major publishers, including Ubisoft, Electronic Arts, and Take Two Interactive, have stated that blockchain and NFT-based games are under serious consideration for their companies in the future. In October 2021, Valve Corporation banned blockchain games, including those using cryptocurrency and NFTs, from being hosted on its Steam digital storefront service, which is widely used for personal computer gaming, claiming that this was an extension of their policy banning games that offered in-game items with real-world value. Valve's prior history with gambling, specifically skin gambling, was speculated to be a factor in the decision to ban blockchain games. Journalists and players responded positively to Valve's decision as blockchain and NFT games have a reputation for scams and fraud among most PC gamers, and Epic Games, which runs the Epic Games Store in competition to Steam, said that they would be open to accepted blockchain games in the wake of Valve's refusal.

There have been several different efforts to employ blockchains in supply chain management. Precious commodities mining — Blockchain technology has been used for tracking the origins of gemstones and other precious commodities. In 2016, The Wall Street Journal reported that the blockchain technology company Everledger was partnering with IBM's blockchain-based tracking service to trace the origin of diamonds to ensure that they were ethically mined. As of 2019, the Diamond Trading Company (DTC) has been involved in building a diamond trading supply chain product called Tracer. Food supply — As of 2018, Walmart and IBM were running a trial to use a blockchain-backed system for supply chain monitoring for lettuce and spinach – all nodes of the blockchain were administered by Walmart and located on the IBM cloud. Fashion industry — There is an opaque relationship between brands, distributors, and customers in the fashion industry, which prevents the sustainable and stable development of the fashion industry. Blockchain could make this information transparent, assisting sustainable development of the industry. Motor vehicles — Mercedes-Benz and partner Icertis developed a blockchain prototype used to facilitate consistent documentation of contracts along the supply chain so that the ethical standards and contractual obligations required of its direct suppliers can be passed on to second tier suppliers and beyond. In another project, the company uses blockchain technology to track the emissions of climate-relevant gases and the amount of secondary material along the supply chain for its battery cell manufacturers.

Figure 2: Vehicle Insurance Claim Fraud Detection | ClaimGuard AI | Tauqueer Alam Blockchain technology can be used to create a permanent, public, transparent ledger system for compiling data on sales, tracking digital use and payments to content creators, such as wireless users or musicians. The Gartner 2019 CIO Survey reported 2% of higher education respondents had launched blockchain projects and another 18% were planning academic projects in the next 24 months. In 2017, IBM partnered with ASCAP and PRS for Music to adopt blockchain technology in music distribution. Imogen Heap's Mycelia service has also been proposed as a blockchain-based alternative "that gives artists more control over how their songs and associated data circulate among fans and other musicians." New distribution methods are available for the insurance industry such as peer-to-peer insurance, parametric insurance and microinsurance following the adoption of blockchain. The sharing economy and IoT are also set to benefit from blockchains because they involve many collaborating peers. The use of blockchain in libraries is being studied with a grant from the U.S. Institute of Museum and Library Services. Other blockchain designs include Hyperledger, a collaborative effort from the Linux Foundation to support blockchain-based distributed ledgers, with projects under this initiative including Hyperledger Burrow (by Monax) and Hyperledger Fabric (spearheaded by IBM). Another is Quorum, a permissioned private blockchain by JPMorgan Chase with private storage, used for contract applications. Oracle introduced a blockchain table feature in its Oracle 21c database.

Blockchain is also being used in peer-to-peer energy trading. Blockchain and distributed ledger technologies have been investigated for managing access permissions, consent, provenance and audit trails in health care. A 2026 scoping review of 892 studies found that most involved prototypes or simulated evaluations, while evidence of sustained real-world implementation remained limited. Lightweight blockchains, or simplified blockchains, are more suitable for internet of things (IoT) applications than conventional blockchains. One experiment suggested that a lightweight blockchain-based network could accommodate up to 1.34 million authentication processes every second, which could be sufficient for resource-constrained IoT networks. Blockchain could be used in detecting counterfeits by associating unique identifiers to products, documents and shipments, and storing records associated with transactions that cannot be forged or altered. It is however argued that blockchain technology needs to be supplemented with technologies that provide a strong binding between physical objects and blockchain systems, as well as provisions for content creator verification ala KYC standards.

The EUIPO established an Anti-Counterfeiting Blockathon Forum, with the objective of "defining, piloting and implementing" an anti-counterfeiting infrastructure at the European level. The Dutch Standardisation organisation NEN uses blockchain together with QR Codes to authenticate certificates. Beijing and Shanghai are among the cities designated by China to trial blockchain applications as January 30, 2022. In Chinese legal proceedings, blockchain technology was first accepted as a method for authenticating internet evidence by the Hangzhou Internet Court in 2019 and has since been accepted by other Chinese courts.

2. System Architecture & Core Working Principles In October 2014, the MIT Bitcoin Club, with funding from MIT alumni, provided undergraduate students at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology access to $100 of bitcoin. The adoption rates, as studied by Catalini and Tucker (2016), revealed that when people who typically adopt technologies early are given delayed access, they tend to reject the technology. Many universities have founded departments focusing on crypto and blockchain, including MIT, in 2017. In the same year, Edinburgh became "one of the first big European universities to launch a blockchain course", according to the Financial Times.

The need for internal audits to provide effective oversight of organizational efficiency will require a change in the way that information is accessed in new formats. Blockchain adoption requires a framework to identify the risk of exposure associated with transactions using blockchain. The Institute of Internal Auditors has identified the need for internal auditors to address this transformational technology. New methods are required to develop audit plans that identify threats and risks. The Internal Audit Foundation study, Blockchain and Internal Audit, assesses these factors. The American Institute of Certified Public Accountants has outlined new roles for auditors as a result of blockchain.

In September 2015, the first peer-reviewed academic journal dedicated to cryptocurrency and blockchain technology research, Ledger, was announced. The inaugural issue was published in December 2016. The journal covers aspects of mathematics, computer science, engineering, law, economics and philosophy that relate to cryptocurrencies. The journal encourages authors to digitally sign a file hash of submitted papers, which are then timestamped into the bitcoin blockchain.

Authors are also asked to include a personal bitcoin address on the first page of their papers for non-repudiation purposes. Changelog – a record of all notable changes made to a project Checklist – an informational aid used to reduce failure Economics of digitization Git – a version control system where the commit hash value depends on the previous commit hash value, also with Merkle tree inside List of blockchains Privacy and blockchain Real-World Assets Version control – a record of all changes (mostly of software project) in a form of a graph Figure 3: Figure 3 from Tamper-Proof Evidence via Blockchain for Autonomous ...

Cryptocurrency has been used extensively in criminal activities, such as investment and romance scams (often called "pig-butchering"), ransomware payments, thefts and exchange hacks, money laundering and sanctions evasion, darknet-market transactions, and off-chain coercion to obtain private keys. Law enforcement notes that investment fraud and laundering are frequent criminal uses of cryptocurrencies, while noting that public blockchains can also aid law enforcement in tracing, seizures, and arrests.

Due to the inability of third parties to de-pseudonymize crypto transactions, criminal entities have often resorted to using cryptocurrency to conduct money laundering. ICOs lacking KYC guidelines and anti-money laundering procedures are often used to launder illicit funds, due to the pseudonymity they offer. By using ICOs, criminals launder these funds by buying tokens off of legitimate investors and selling them. This issue is intensified by the lack of measures against money laundering implemented by centralized cryptocurrency exchanges. A well-known early example of money laundering using cryptocurrencies is Silk Road. Shut down in 2013, with its founder Ross Ulbricht indicted for a money laundering conspiracy among other counts, the website was used for several illicit activities including money laundering solely using bitcoin as a form of payment. Apart from traditional cryptocurrencies, Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs) are also commonly used as part of money laundering activities. NFTs are often used to perform Wash Trading by creating several different wallets for one individual, generating several fictitious sales and consequently selling the respective NFT to a third party. According to a report by Chainalysis, these types of wash trades are becoming increasingly popular among money launderers due to the largely anonymous nature of transactions on NFT marketplaces. Auction platforms for NFT sales may face regulatory pressure to comply with anti-money laundering legislation.

Between 2011 and 2014, US$350 million worth of bitcoin was stolen from Mt. Gox. In 2016, US$72 million was stolen through exploiting Bitfinex's exchange wallet. Users were refunded. On December 7, 2017, Slovenian cryptocurrency exchange NiceHash reported that hackers had stolen over $70 million using a hijacked company computer. On December 19, 2017, Yapian, the owner of South Korean exchange Youbit, filed for bankruptcy after suffering two hacks that year. Customers were still granted access to 75% of their assets. In 2018, cryptocurrencies worth US$400 million were stolen from Coincheck. In May 2018, Bitcoin Gold had its transactions hijacked and abused by unknown hackers. Exchanges lost an estimated $18 m and Bitcoin Gold was delisted from Bittrex after it refused to pay its share of the damages. In June 2018, South Korean exchange Coinrail was hacked, losing over $37M worth of crypto. The hack worsened an already ongoing cryptocurrency selloff by an additional $42 billion. On July 9, 2018, the exchange Bancor, whose code and fundraising had been subjects of controversy, had $23.5 million in cryptocurrency stolen. In September 2018, US$60 million in Bitcoin, Bitcoin Cash and Monacoin was stolen from Zaif, a Japanese exchange. In May 2019, cryptocurrencies worth US$40 million were stolen from Binance. In June 2021, the founders of Africrypt absconded with US$3.6 billion worth of Bitcoin. In August 2021, PolyNetwork (DeFi) suffered a loss of US$611 million in a theft. In August 2021, Japanese cryptocurrency exchange Liquid was compromised, resulting in a loss of US$97 million worth of digital coins. In August 2021, Cream Finance was subject to a US$29 million theft, followed by $130 million on October 28, 2021. On December 2, 2021, users of the BadgerDAO DeFi lost around $118,500,000 worth of Bitcoin and $679,000 worth of Ethereum tokens in a front-end attack. A compromised API key of the Cloudflare content delivery network account allowed the injecting of a malicious script into the web interface.

BadgerDAO "paused" all smart contracts due to user complaints. On December 6, 2021, the cryptocurrency exchange Bitmart lost around $135M worth of Ethereum and an estimated $46 million in other cryptocurrencies, due to a breach of two of its wallets. Although BitMart stated that it would reimburse its clients, many BitMart clients have not received any money from the exchange as of January 2022. On December 12, 2021, users of VulcanForge lost around $135M worth of PYR due to breaches of multiple wallets. Partnering centralized exchanges had been notified of the hack and they have pledged to seize any stolen funds upon deposit. On January 27, 2022, Qubit Finance (DeFi) lost around $80M worth of Binance Coin due to a flaw in the smart contract that enabled the withdrawal of the said amount in exchange for a deposit of 0 ETH. In March 2022, the largest cryptocurrency theft of the year occurred, when US$625 million in ether and USDC was stolen from the Ronin Network. Hacked nodes were finally discovered when a user reported being unable to withdraw funds. The heist was later linked to Lazarus Group, a North Korean state-backed hacking collective, by the U.S. Treasury Department. On September 20, 2022, Wintermute was hacked, resulting in theft of US$160 million. The company attributed the vulnerability to a service used by the platform that generates vanity addresses for digital accounts. On September 25, 2023, it was reported that $200 million was stolen by hackers from Hong Kong-based crypto firm Mixin Network. The company suspended deposits and withdrawals, stating that the database of its network's cloud service provider was attacked by hackers, resulting in the loss of the assets. On February 21, 2025 the exchange Bybit reported the theft of $1.5 billion in ether, estimated at the time to be the largest crypto heist in history. A blockchain analysis firm linked the attack to the Lazarus Group, which had exploited security features in order to transfer the money to multiple unidentified addresses. On June 17, 2025 it was reported that there was cyberattack on Iran's biggest cryptocurrency exchange, Nobitex. The attack occurred during the Twelve-Day War. The attack, blamed on the Israel-linked hacker group Gonjeshke Darande, also called "Predatory Sparrow", led to the theft of more than $90 million in digital assets, mostly Tether (USDT), on the Tron network. 25 June 2025, law enforcement officials from the Spanish Guardia Civil, Europol and other European countries identified and arrested perpetrators of a cryptocurrency scheme that had laundered EUR 460 million in illicit profits stolen from over 5 000 victims. Leaders of the scam reportedly used a net of associates spread around the world to raise funds through cash withdrawals, bank transfers and crypto-transfers.

In February 2021, Malaysian police arrested six men involved in a bitcoin mining operation which had stolen US$2 million in electricity. In July 2021, Ukrainian authorities shut down an underground gaming and cryptocurrency farm accused of stealing $259,300 of electricity each month. In July 2021, Malaysian authorities destroyed 1,069 cryptocurrency mining systems accused of stealing electricity from the grid. In May 2021, UK authorities closed a suspected bitcoin mine after Western Power Distribution found an illegal connection to the electricity supply.

In June 2016, hackers exploited a vulnerability in The DAO to steal US$50 million. Subsequently, the currency was forked into Ethereum Classic, and Ethereum, with the latter continuing with the new blockchain without the exploited translations. On November 21, 2017, Tether announced that it had been hacked, losing $31 million in USDT from its core treasury wallet. The company has 'tagged' the stolen currency, hoping to 'lock' them in the hacker's wallet, thus making them unspendable. In 2022, hackers created a signature account on a blockchain bridge called "Wormhole" and stole more than $300 million worth of ether.

3. Software Implementation, Frameworks & Protocols A scam center, fraud factory, fraud park, scam factory, scam compound, scam hub, scam park, fraud center, fraud compound, or fraud hub is a collection of large fraudulent organizations usually involved in human trafficking operations, generally found in Southeast Asia and usually operated by a criminal gang. Scam center operators lure foreign nationals to scam hubs, where they are forced into modern slavery, to scam internet users around the world into fraudulently buying cryptocurrencies, running scam-through-romance frauds (pig butchering scam), digital arrest scam (most common in India), or withdrawing cash via social media and online dating apps. Trafficked victims' passports are confiscated, and they are threatened with organ harvesting and forced prostitution if they do not perform well. Scam center operations proliferated in Cambodia (see: Scam centers in Cambodia), Laos, Myanmar (see: Scam centers in Myanmar), and other countries during the COVID-19 pandemic, and were further aided by the civil war in Myanmar.

An anti-crime pact signed between Taipei and Beijing in 2009 led to more than 1,600 arrests of fraud suspects two years later, driving the remaining Taiwanese crime syndicates to countries in Southeast Asia. Following the COVID-19 pandemic, there was an increase in the number and activities of scam centers throughout Southeast Asia. In 2022, BBC News reported the locations of fraud factories as being in Laos and Myanmar, notably in Kachin where the Kachin conflict is occurring, a factor that makes rescues difficult. In 2022, The Japan Times reported that factories which initially started operations in Cambodia later switched locations to Laos, and that victims were held in special economic zones in Laos and Myanmar, specifically in Myawaddy, as well as casinos in Cambodia, particularly in Sihanoukville. The trafficked victims are lured with job offers, with the BBC reporting one victim having traveled to Thailand for a job before being driven to Laos. Scam center workers are trained to create online social media and dating personas, which they use to build up trust with westerners and engage in fake romance scams, with the goal of encouraging the westerners to buy cryptocurrencies. The targets of the bait and switch cyber crime were predominantly US citizens. The process of fraudulently building up trust with victims online in order to sell them cryptocurrencies is known as "pig butchering". During the Myanmar civil war, the Three Brotherhood Alliance launched Operation 1027 against the Myanmar military regime on 27 October 2023, with one of the intended goals being to eradicate scam centers in the Kokang Self-Administered Zone along the northeastern border with China, which had grown frustrated with the Myanmar government's lack of response against fraud factories. On 5 January 2024, the alliance fully captured the city of Laukkai in Kokang from the Myanmar military, and soon more than 40,000 people involved in Kokang's fraud factories were returned to China. Analyst Jason Tower called their operation "extremely successful" in eradicating scam centers from Kokang, although some syndicates were able to move their operations to Cambodia, Laos, and Myanmar's Kayin State. By March 2024, Brigadier General Zaw Min, a former Regional Operations Command (ROC) chief of Laukkai, was imprisoned by Myanmar's military government for his alleged role in online scam operations, and was later given a death sentence in July.

After increased internet service provider (ISP) blocking of VPNs in Myanmar, Starlink usage has increased in Myanmar, despite the service being unauthorized under Myanmar's Telecommunications Law. In February 2025, Thailand cut off internet services to three regions of Myanmar on the border between the two countries, due to the high number of scam centers there. Starlink devices have since become even more important to the syndicates that run them. In 2024, Rappler reported that many in the Philippine media as well as government had been unaware that a large number of scam hubs in the Philippines had been operating in the country under the legal cover of Philippine Offshore Gaming Operator (POGO) licenses that were issued by the Philippine Amusement and Gaming Corporation; although POGO licenses were first issued in 2003, they flourished during the presidency of Rodrigo Duterte. A 2024 congressional investigation of scam and trafficking operations by a Tarlac POGO hub led to the arrest of Bamban mayor Alice Guo and her alleged sister and sister-in-law, Shiela Guo and Cassandra Ong, as well as a manhunt for Duterte's former spokesperson, Harry Roque, who has been on the run after questions on his sudden wealth led to questions about his role in a Pampanga POGO hub, identified as Lucky South 99, that was also managed by Cassandra Ong. According to Wired, "at least eight scam compounds based around the Myanmar-Thailand border region" use Starlink for their Internet connection either wholly or in part. In March 2024, the head of Interpol estimated that the combined revenues of Southeast Asian organized crime networks were $2 to $3 trillion per year, with a typical criminal organization making $50 billion per year. A United States Institute of Peace study, meanwhile, gave the "conservative estimate" that, as of the end of 2023, $64 billion was stolen per year by criminal syndicates involved in scamming and illegal gambling. In the Mekong countries, the stolen funds amounted to $43.8 million, almost 40% of the combined formal GDP of Laos, Cambodia, and Myanmar. The significant share of this money that is passed on to the ruling elites in these countries gives them a strategic interest in protecting the scamming industry. According to American government estimates, Americans lose about ten billion dollars annually to scam centers based in Southeast Asia. In July 2026, the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime estimated that scam offences across East Asia, Southeast Asia, Australia and New Zealand had caused losses of between US$88.3 billion and US$114.1 billion during 2025. Its assessment found that scam-centre networks were increasingly using cryptocurrency, encrypted communications, generative artificial intelligence and deepfake technology, while shifting into smaller, offshore or underground operations in response to law-enforcement raids.

Cambodia, Laos, and Myanmar in Southeast Asia are reported to host some notable scam centers. These countries are particularly vulnerable due to dysfunction in their governments and law enforcement agencies. Below are known cyber scam hotspots, according to The Diplomat: Cambodia: Sihanoukville Poipet Bavet Laos: Golden Triangle Special Economic Zone Myanmar: Laukkai (on the border with China) Myawaddy (on the border with Thailand) and nearby: KK Park Shwe Kokko Mong La (on the border with China) Instances of Taiwanese fraud suspects being unilaterally deported to China from other countries have drawn criticism by Taipei. Fraud convicts in Taiwan as of 2016 receive more lenient sentences than in China. In March 2021, the Criminal Investigation Bureau of the Chinese Ministry of Public Security released the National Anti-Fraud Center app, which advertises that it can maintain telecommunications network security by blocking suspicious content and creating channels for reporting online fraud and raising awareness for fraud prevention. In November 2023, China issued arrest warrants for junta-aligned Ming Xuechang, and three other Ming family members for their involvement in online scamming operations. Ming later committed suicide. The other three were captured by Burmese authorities and handed over to China. 39 people involved in the Ming syndicate were sentenced in Zhejiang Province. 11 were sentenced to death. In August 2024, the secretary of the Philippines' Department of Migrant Workers said that Philippine authorities will "get the statements of the [Filipino] victims [of the fraud factories in Laos] to pinpoint who recruited them [...] in the Philippines and file the necessary charges." In October 2025, during the ASEAN Summit in Kuala Lumpur, the President of South Korea and the Prime Minister of Cambodia agreed to establish a joint task force to combat online scam networks that disproportionately targeted South Korean nationals. The task force was intended to include law-enforcement collaboration and intelligence sharing to address increasingly transnational online fraud and related crimes affecting citizens of both countries. During the 2025 Cambodian–Thai border crisis, the Royal Thai Army bombed scam centers in Cambodia. In November 2025, Japan publicly pledged support to Cambodia in its efforts to combat online scam networks and technology-based fraud. During a meeting on November 12 between Chhay Sinarith, head of the Secretariat of the Commission for Combating Online Scams (CCOS), and Japanese Ambassador to Cambodia Ueno Atsushi, both sides agreed to enhance cooperation in security cooperation, information sharing, capacity building, and broader collaborative actions to address the transnational nature of online scams. Ambassador Ueno commended Cambodia's commitment to tackling scam operations and said Japan would continue cooperation in these efforts.

Imagine filing a car accident claim and getting paid in minutes instead of weeks. Now imagine that same system making it nearly impossible to file the same claim twice or fake an injury. That is the promise of Blockchain a decentralized, immutable digital ledger technology originally created for Bitcoin in the insurance industry. For decades, insurers have lost billions to fraud because their data lives in isolated silos. You cannot easily check if someone else already paid for that surgery or that car repair. Blockchain changes this by creating a shared, tamper-proof record that everyone can trust but no single person can alter.

In 2026, this is no longer just theory. Major players like AXA, Allianz, and Ping An are using these systems live. But how does it actually work under the hood? And is it really worth the headache of implementation? Let's break down the mechanics, the real-world results, and the pitfalls you need to avoid. To understand why blockchain matters, you first have to see what’s broken. Traditional insurance relies on centralized databases. Company A doesn’t talk to Company B. If you get into a crash, your insurer checks their own records. They might not know you filed a similar claim with another provider last month. This information asymmetry is exactly where fraudsters thrive.

According to the Coalition Against Insurance Fraud, duplicate claims alone account for about 12% of undetected fraud cases. That means one in ten fraudulent submissions slips through simply because the data isn't connected. On top of that, manual verification takes forever. Adjusters spend days calling hospitals, police stations, and repair shops to verify facts. By the time they finish, the paper trail has grown long and expensive.

4. Practical Deployment, Analysis & Case Studies Decentralized Ledger Technology (DLT) a database shared across multiple nodes that ensures data consistency without a central administrator solves this by giving all authorized parties access to the same version of the truth. When a claim is submitted, it gets hashed-a cryptographic fingerprint-and added to the chain. Once there, it stays there. No one can go back and change the date of the accident or the amount of the damage without breaking the entire chain, which would be immediately obvious to everyone else on the network.

The magic happens through two main features: immutability and Smart Contracts self-executing contracts with the terms of the agreement directly written into code . Think of a smart contract as a vending machine. You put in the right input (proof of flight delay), and it automatically gives you the output (payout). No human needs to approve it. Here is a simple example. You buy parametric travel insurance for a delayed flight. The smart contract connects to a trusted oracle-a data feed-that monitors flight schedules. If your flight is delayed by more than four hours, the oracle sends a signal.

The smart contract verifies the signal against the policy conditions. If they match, it triggers the payment instantly. No forms, no phone calls, no waiting. This automation drastically cuts down on operational costs. A 2023 McKinsey report noted that blockchain implementation can reduce operating costs by up to 30%. More importantly for fraud prevention, it removes the human element from routine payouts, reducing opportunities for internal collusion or error.

It’s easy to get excited about the tech, but the real test is in the trenches. Some companies have seen massive wins. Take AXA’s 'Fizzy' product. It uses blockchain to automate flight delay insurance. The result? Verification times dropped from weeks to seconds. In China, Ping An Insurance ran a pilot that improved fraud detection accuracy by 37%. They used blockchain to create a unified view of patient data across hospitals, making it much harder to submit fake medical bills.

Then there’s the Blockchain Insurance Industry Initiative (B3i). This consortium of over 40 global insurers built a platform for marine cargo insurance. By allowing shippers, insurers, and banks to share real-time shipment data, they reduced fraudulent cargo claims by 42%. Imagine trying to steal goods when every port authority and insurer sees the exact same timestamped location data.

But it’s not all smooth sailing. A major US auto insurer tried a similar pilot in 2022 and scrapped it after 18 months. Why? Scalability. They couldn’t process more than 5% of their total claims volume on the blockchain. The network was too slow compared to their legacy databases. Another common complaint comes from IT teams. Onboarding new blockchain solutions often takes 11 months instead of the promised six due to complex integrations with old software. As one tech lead on Reddit put it, "Legacy systems hate distributed ledgers." The Technical Reality: Speed, Scale, and Privacy If you’re considering this for your business, you need to know the limits. Current blockchain networks handle about 1,000 to 1,500 transactions per second (TPS). Compare that to traditional databases like Oracle or SQL Server, which can handle 50,000+ TPS. For high-volume lines like auto or health insurance, this bottleneck is real. Privacy is another huge hurdle. Insurance deals with sensitive personal health information (PHI) and financial data. Under regulations like GDPR, individuals have the "right to be forgotten." But blockchain is designed to never forget. How do you reconcile that? The answer lies in newer techniques like Zero-Knowledge Proofs (ZKPs) cryptographic methods that allow one party to prove a statement is true without revealing the underlying data . ZKPs let you prove you meet the criteria for a claim (e.g., "I am over 21") without revealing your actual birthdate. The Monetary Authority of Singapore piloted this in 2024 with promising results. However, implementing ZKPs adds significant complexity and cost. Also, don’t fall for the "garbage in, garbage out" trap. Blockchain secures the data once it’s on the chain, but it doesn’t verify if the initial data was true. If a doctor enters a fake diagnosis, the blockchain will permanently record that fake diagnosis. You still need strong identity verification processes at the entry point. Implementation Strategy: Where to Start Don’t try to boil the ocean. Most successful implementations start small. Here is a practical roadmap: Start with Parametric Insurance: These products rely on objective external data (weather, flight times) rather than subjective assessments. They are the easiest to automate with smart contracts. Join a Consortium: Building a blockchain network alone is expensive and pointless if no one else joins. Groups like B3i allow smaller insurers to share development costs and gain network effects. Choose the Right Platform: For enterprise use, permissioned blockchains like Hyperledger Fabric an open-source enterprise-grade permissioned distributed ledger framework are preferred over public chains like Ethereum.

They offer better privacy controls and higher throughput. Invest in Training: Your staff needs new skills. Expect a 3-4 month training period for adjusters and IT teams to get comfortable with the new interface and logic. Gartner estimates deployment timelines at 8-14 months for enterprise-scale solutions. Budget accordingly. You’ll also need specialized developers. In the US, blockchain engineers earn between $130,000 and $180,000 annually. It’s a premium skill set for a reason. The Future: Hybrid Systems and Regulatory Shifts By 2027, the market for blockchain in insurance is projected to hit $1.84 billion. But the biggest shift won’t be blockchain alone-it will be blockchain combined with Artificial Intelligence. AI is great at finding patterns in unstructured data, while blockchain is great at securing structured data. Together, they form a powerful duo. AI flags suspicious claims; blockchain provides the immutable audit trail to investigate them. Regulators are catching up too. The National Association of Insurance Commissioners (NAIC) established a Blockchain Working Group in 2022, publishing model regulations in late 2023. This clarity helps insurers move from pilots to production. However, compliance remains tricky with 47 different regulatory approaches across US states and EU countries. Harmonization is still years away. So, is blockchain the silver bullet for insurance fraud? No. It’s a tool. Like any tool, its value depends on how well you use it. If you’re still relying on fax machines and email chains for claims verification, blockchain will feel like a revolution. If you’re already digitized, it’s an evolution that demands careful planning, realistic expectations, and a willingness to collaborate with competitors for the greater good of the ecosystem. Can blockchain completely eliminate insurance fraud? No, it cannot completely eliminate fraud. Blockchain prevents specific types of fraud like duplicate claims and tampered records. However, it cannot stop fraud at the source if false data is entered initially (the "garbage in, garbage out" problem). It works best when combined with AI for pattern recognition and strict identity verification protocols. What is the difference between public and private blockchain in insurance? Public blockchains like Bitcoin or Ethereum are open to anyone and prioritize decentralization but lack privacy.

Private (or permissioned) blockchains like Hyperledger Fabric restrict access to verified participants. Insurance companies prefer permissioned blockchains because they need to keep customer data confidential while sharing only necessary verification data with partners. How long does it take to implement a blockchain solution? For enterprise-scale solutions, expect 8 to 14 months. This includes integration with legacy systems, staff training, and regulatory compliance checks.

Smaller pilots focusing on narrow use cases like parametric insurance can sometimes be deployed in 3 to 6 months. Is blockchain compliant with GDPR? It is challenging because blockchain is immutable, while GDPR grants the "right to be forgotten." Solutions include storing personal data off-chain and keeping only hashes on-chain, or using zero-knowledge proofs to verify data without storing it directly. Legal frameworks are still evolving to address this conflict. Which insurance sectors benefit most from blockchain? Healthcare insurance leads adoption (38% of implementations) due to high fraud rates and complex data sharing needs. Property/Casualty (29%) follows, particularly for auto and marine cargo where third-party verification is frequent. Life insurance (22%) benefits from faster death benefit payouts via verified digital certificates.

If you’re considering this for your business, you need to know the limits. Current blockchain networks handle about 1,000 to 1,500 transactions per second (TPS). Compare that to traditional databases like Oracle or SQL Server, which can handle 50,000+ TPS. For high-volume lines like auto or health insurance, this bottleneck is real. Privacy is another huge hurdle. Insurance deals with sensitive personal health information (PHI) and financial data. Under regulations like GDPR, individuals have the "right to be forgotten." But blockchain is designed to never forget. How do you reconcile that? The answer lies in newer techniques like Zero-Knowledge Proofs (ZKPs) cryptographic methods that allow one party to prove a statement is true without revealing the underlying data . ZKPs let you prove you meet the criteria for a claim (e.g., "I am over 21") without revealing your actual birthdate. The Monetary Authority of Singapore piloted this in 2024 with promising results. However, implementing ZKPs adds significant complexity and cost. Also, don’t fall for the "garbage in, garbage out" trap. Blockchain secures the data once it’s on the chain, but it doesn’t verify if the initial data was true. If a doctor enters a fake diagnosis, the blockchain will permanently record that fake diagnosis. You still need strong identity verification processes at the entry point.

Implementation Strategy: Where to Start Don’t try to boil the ocean. Most successful implementations start small. Here is a practical roadmap: Start with Parametric Insurance: These products rely on objective external data (weather, flight times) rather than subjective assessments. They are the easiest to automate with smart contracts. Join a Consortium: Building a blockchain network alone is expensive and pointless if no one else joins. Groups like B3i allow smaller insurers to share development costs and gain network effects. Choose the Right Platform: For enterprise use, permissioned blockchains like Hyperledger Fabric an open-source enterprise-grade permissioned distributed ledger framework are preferred over public chains like Ethereum. They offer better privacy controls and higher throughput. Invest in Training: Your staff needs new skills.

Expect a 3-4 month training period for adjusters and IT teams to get comfortable with the new interface and logic. Gartner estimates deployment timelines at 8-14 months for enterprise-scale solutions. Budget accordingly. You’ll also need specialized developers. In the US, blockchain engineers earn between $130,000 and $180,000 annually. It’s a premium skill set for a reason. The Future: Hybrid Systems and Regulatory Shifts By 2027, the market for blockchain in insurance is projected to hit $1.84 billion. But the biggest shift won’t be blockchain alone-it will be blockchain combined with Artificial Intelligence. AI is great at finding patterns in unstructured data, while blockchain is great at securing structured data. Together, they form a powerful duo. AI flags suspicious claims; blockchain provides the immutable audit trail to investigate them.

Regulators are catching up too. The National Association of Insurance Commissioners (NAIC) established a Blockchain Working Group in 2022, publishing model regulations in late 2023. This clarity helps insurers move from pilots to production. However, compliance remains tricky with 47 different regulatory approaches across US states and EU countries. Harmonization is still years away. So, is blockchain the silver bullet for insurance fraud? No. It’s a tool. Like any tool, its value depends on how well you use it. If you’re still relying on fax machines and email chains for claims verification, blockchain will feel like a revolution. If you’re already digitized, it’s an evolution that demands careful planning, realistic expectations, and a willingness to collaborate with competitors for the greater good of the ecosystem. Can blockchain completely eliminate insurance fraud? No, it cannot completely eliminate fraud. Blockchain prevents specific types of fraud like duplicate claims and tampered records. However, it cannot stop fraud at the source if false data is entered initially (the "garbage in, garbage out" problem). It works best when combined with AI for pattern recognition and strict identity verification protocols. What is the difference between public and private blockchain in insurance? Public blockchains like Bitcoin or Ethereum are open to anyone and prioritize decentralization but lack privacy. Private (or permissioned) blockchains like Hyperledger Fabric restrict access to verified participants. Insurance companies prefer permissioned blockchains because they need to keep customer data confidential while sharing only necessary verification data with partners. How long does it take to implement a blockchain solution? For enterprise-scale solutions, expect 8 to 14 months. This includes integration with legacy systems, staff training, and regulatory compliance checks. Smaller pilots focusing on narrow use cases like parametric insurance can sometimes be deployed in 3 to 6 months. Is blockchain compliant with GDPR? It is challenging because blockchain is immutable, while GDPR grants the "right to be forgotten." Solutions include storing personal data off-chain and keeping only hashes on-chain, or using zero-knowledge proofs to verify data without storing it directly. Legal frameworks are still evolving to address this conflict. Which insurance sectors benefit most from blockchain? Healthcare insurance leads adoption (38% of implementations) due to high fraud rates and complex data sharing needs. Property/Casualty (29%) follows, particularly for auto and marine cargo where third-party verification is frequent. Life insurance (22%) benefits from faster death benefit payouts via verified digital certificates.

Privacy is another huge hurdle. Insurance deals with sensitive personal health information (PHI) and financial data. Under regulations like GDPR, individuals have the "right to be forgotten." But blockchain is designed to never forget. How do you reconcile that? The answer lies in newer techniques like Zero-Knowledge Proofs (ZKPs) cryptographic methods that allow one party to prove a statement is true without revealing the underlying data . ZKPs let you prove you meet the criteria for a claim (e.g., "I am over 21") without revealing your actual birthdate. The Monetary Authority of Singapore piloted this in 2024 with promising results. However, implementing ZKPs adds significant complexity and cost. Also, don’t fall for the "garbage in, garbage out" trap. Blockchain secures the data once it’s on the chain, but it doesn’t verify if the initial data was true. If a doctor enters a fake diagnosis, the blockchain will permanently record that fake diagnosis. You still need strong identity verification processes at the entry point. Implementation Strategy: Where to Start Don’t try to boil the ocean. Most successful implementations start small. Here is a practical roadmap: Start with Parametric Insurance: These products rely on objective external data (weather, flight times) rather than subjective assessments. They are the easiest to automate with smart contracts. Join a Consortium: Building a blockchain network alone is expensive and pointless if no one else joins. Groups like B3i allow smaller insurers to share development costs and gain network effects. Choose the Right Platform: For enterprise use, permissioned blockchains like Hyperledger Fabric an open-source enterprise-grade permissioned distributed ledger framework are preferred over public chains like Ethereum. They offer better privacy controls and higher throughput. Invest in Training: Your staff needs new skills. Expect a 3-4 month training period for adjusters and IT teams to get comfortable with the new interface and logic. Gartner estimates deployment timelines at 8-14 months for enterprise-scale solutions. Budget accordingly. You’ll also need specialized developers. In the US, blockchain engineers earn between $130,000 and $180,000 annually. It’s a premium skill set for a reason. The Future: Hybrid Systems and Regulatory Shifts By 2027, the market for blockchain in insurance is projected to hit $1.84 billion. But the biggest shift won’t be blockchain alone-it will be blockchain combined with Artificial Intelligence. AI is great at finding patterns in unstructured data, while blockchain is great at securing structured data. Together, they form a powerful duo. AI flags suspicious claims; blockchain provides the immutable audit trail to investigate them. Regulators are catching up too. The National Association of Insurance Commissioners (NAIC) established a Blockchain Working Group in 2022, publishing model regulations in late 2023. This clarity helps insurers move from pilots to production. However, compliance remains tricky with 47 different regulatory approaches across US states and EU countries. Harmonization is still years away. So, is blockchain the silver bullet for insurance fraud? No. It’s a tool. Like any tool, its value depends on how well you use it. If you’re still relying on fax machines and email chains for claims verification, blockchain will feel like a revolution. If you’re already digitized, it’s an evolution that demands careful planning, realistic expectations, and a willingness to collaborate with competitors for the greater good of the ecosystem. Can blockchain completely eliminate insurance fraud? No, it cannot completely eliminate fraud. Blockchain prevents specific types of fraud like duplicate claims and tampered records. However, it cannot stop fraud at the source if false data is entered initially (the "garbage in, garbage out" problem). It works best when combined with AI for pattern recognition and strict identity verification protocols. What is the difference between public and private blockchain in insurance? Public blockchains like Bitcoin or Ethereum are open to anyone and prioritize decentralization but lack privacy. Private (or permissioned) blockchains like Hyperledger Fabric restrict access to verified participants. Insurance companies prefer permissioned blockchains because they need to keep customer data confidential while sharing only necessary verification data with partners. How long does it take to implement a blockchain solution? For enterprise-scale solutions, expect 8 to 14 months. This includes integration with legacy systems, staff training, and regulatory compliance checks. Smaller pilots focusing on narrow use cases like parametric insurance can sometimes be deployed in 3 to 6 months. Is blockchain compliant with GDPR? It is challenging because blockchain is immutable, while GDPR grants the "right to be forgotten." Solutions include storing personal data off-chain and keeping only hashes on-chain, or using zero-knowledge proofs to verify data without storing it directly. Legal frameworks are still evolving to address this conflict. Which insurance sectors benefit most from blockchain? Healthcare insurance leads adoption (38% of implementations) due to high fraud rates and complex data sharing needs. Property/Casualty (29%) follows, particularly for auto and marine cargo where third-party verification is frequent. Life insurance (22%) benefits from faster death benefit payouts via verified digital certificates.

5. Performance Evaluation & Extended Technical Observations The answer lies in newer techniques like Zero-Knowledge Proofs (ZKPs) cryptographic methods that allow one party to prove a statement is true without revealing the underlying data . ZKPs let you prove you meet the criteria for a claim (e.g., "I am over 21") without revealing your actual birthdate. The Monetary Authority of Singapore piloted this in 2024 with promising results.

However, implementing ZKPs adds significant complexity and cost. Also, don’t fall for the "garbage in, garbage out" trap. Blockchain secures the data once it’s on the chain, but it doesn’t verify if the initial data was true. If a doctor enters a fake diagnosis, the blockchain will permanently record that fake diagnosis. You still need strong identity verification processes at the entry point.

Don’t try to boil the ocean. Most successful implementations start small. Here is a practical roadmap: Start with Parametric Insurance: These products rely on objective external data (weather, flight times) rather than subjective assessments. They are the easiest to automate with smart contracts. Join a Consortium: Building a blockchain network alone is expensive and pointless if no one else joins. Groups like B3i allow smaller insurers to share development costs and gain network effects.

Choose the Right Platform: For enterprise use, permissioned blockchains like Hyperledger Fabric an open-source enterprise-grade permissioned distributed ledger framework are preferred over public chains like Ethereum. They offer better privacy controls and higher throughput. Invest in Training: Your staff needs new skills. Expect a 3-4 month training period for adjusters and IT teams to get comfortable with the new interface and logic. Gartner estimates deployment timelines at 8-14 months for enterprise-scale solutions. Budget accordingly. You’ll also need specialized developers. In the US, blockchain engineers earn between $130,000 and $180,000 annually. It’s a premium skill set for a reason. The Future: Hybrid Systems and Regulatory Shifts By 2027, the market for blockchain in insurance is projected to hit $1.84 billion. But the biggest shift won’t be blockchain alone-it will be blockchain combined with Artificial Intelligence. AI is great at finding patterns in unstructured data, while blockchain is great at securing structured data. Together, they form a powerful duo. AI flags suspicious claims; blockchain provides the immutable audit trail to investigate them. Regulators are catching up too. The National Association of Insurance Commissioners (NAIC) established a Blockchain Working Group in 2022, publishing model regulations in late 2023. This clarity helps insurers move from pilots to production. However, compliance remains tricky with 47 different regulatory approaches across US states and EU countries. Harmonization is still years away. So, is blockchain the silver bullet for insurance fraud? No. It’s a tool. Like any tool, its value depends on how well you use it. If you’re still relying on fax machines and email chains for claims verification, blockchain will feel like a revolution. If you’re already digitized, it’s an evolution that demands careful planning, realistic expectations, and a willingness to collaborate with competitors for the greater good of the ecosystem. Can blockchain completely eliminate insurance fraud? No, it cannot completely eliminate fraud. Blockchain prevents specific types of fraud like duplicate claims and tampered records. However, it cannot stop fraud at the source if false data is entered initially (the "garbage in, garbage out" problem). It works best when combined with AI for pattern recognition and strict identity verification protocols. What is the difference between public and private blockchain in insurance? Public blockchains like Bitcoin or Ethereum are open to anyone and prioritize decentralization but lack privacy.

Private (or permissioned) blockchains like Hyperledger Fabric restrict access to verified participants. Insurance companies prefer permissioned blockchains because they need to keep customer data confidential while sharing only necessary verification data with partners. How long does it take to implement a blockchain solution? For enterprise-scale solutions, expect 8 to 14 months. This includes integration with legacy systems, staff training, and regulatory compliance checks.

Smaller pilots focusing on narrow use cases like parametric insurance can sometimes be deployed in 3 to 6 months. Is blockchain compliant with GDPR? It is challenging because blockchain is immutable, while GDPR grants the "right to be forgotten." Solutions include storing personal data off-chain and keeping only hashes on-chain, or using zero-knowledge proofs to verify data without storing it directly. Legal frameworks are still evolving to address this conflict. Which insurance sectors benefit most from blockchain? Healthcare insurance leads adoption (38% of implementations) due to high fraud rates and complex data sharing needs. Property/Casualty (29%) follows, particularly for auto and marine cargo where third-party verification is frequent. Life insurance (22%) benefits from faster death benefit payouts via verified digital certificates.

Gartner estimates deployment timelines at 8-14 months for enterprise-scale solutions. Budget accordingly. You’ll also need specialized developers. In the US, blockchain engineers earn between $130,000 and $180,000 annually. It’s a premium skill set for a reason. By 2027, the market for blockchain in insurance is projected to hit $1.84 billion. But the biggest shift won’t be blockchain alone-it will be blockchain combined with Artificial Intelligence. AI is great at finding patterns in unstructured data, while blockchain is great at securing structured data. Together, they form a powerful duo. AI flags suspicious claims; blockchain provides the immutable audit trail to investigate them.

Regulators are catching up too. The National Association of Insurance Commissioners (NAIC) established a Blockchain Working Group in 2022, publishing model regulations in late 2023. This clarity helps insurers move from pilots to production. However, compliance remains tricky with 47 different regulatory approaches across US states and EU countries. Harmonization is still years away.

So, is blockchain the silver bullet for insurance fraud? No. It’s a tool. Like any tool, its value depends on how well you use it. If you’re still relying on fax machines and email chains for claims verification, blockchain will feel like a revolution. If you’re already digitized, it’s an evolution that demands careful planning, realistic expectations, and a willingness to collaborate with competitors for the greater good of the ecosystem.

No, it cannot completely eliminate fraud. Blockchain prevents specific types of fraud like duplicate claims and tampered records. However, it cannot stop fraud at the source if false data is entered initially (the "garbage in, garbage out" problem). It works best when combined with AI for pattern recognition and strict identity verification protocols. Public blockchains like Bitcoin or Ethereum are open to anyone and prioritize decentralization but lack privacy. Private (or permissioned) blockchains like Hyperledger Fabric restrict access to verified participants. Insurance companies prefer permissioned blockchains because they need to keep customer data confidential while sharing only necessary verification data with partners.

Harvested Online Documentation & Reference Sources • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blockchain • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptocurrency%20and%20crime • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scam%20center • https://thespectrumnews.org/how-blockchain-stops-insurance-fraud-a-practical-guide-for • https://trid.trb.org/view/2138504