Trusted Platform Module Measurement Boot Simulation — Complete Documentation & Simulation

Overview & System Context

Trusted Platform Module Measurement Boot Simulation: Comprehensive Web-Sourced Technical Investigation Exhaustive Research Dossier · Pure Web-Scraped Content: ~8993 Words · Real Software Screenshots: 3 1. Executive Overview & Technical Background Electronic systems’ power consumption has been a real challenge for Hardware and Software designers as well as users especially in portable devices like cell phones and laptop computers. Power consumption also has been an issue for many industries that use computer systems heavily such as Internet service providers using servers or companies with many employees using computers and other computational devices. Many different approaches (during design of HW, SW or real-time estimation) have been discovered by researchers to estimate power consumption efficiently. This survey paper focuses on the different methods where power consumption can be estimated or measured in real-time. Measuring real time power dissipation is critical in thermal analysis of a new design of HW like processors (CPU) just as it is important for OS programmers writing process schedulers. Researchers discovered that knowing the real-time power consumption on a subsystem level like CPU, hard drives, memory and other devices can help power optimizations in applications such as storage encryption, virtualization, and application sandboxing, as well as application tradeoffs. Different technologies have been discovered that can enable measuring power consumption in real-time. These technologies can be categorized into two main categories: direct measurement using subsystem power sensors and meters or indirect estimation based on provided information such as temperature or performance counters. Real-Time power management can be used to optimize the system or subsystems to minimize the energy consumption which may, for example, extend the battery lifetime of mobile devices or result in energy savings for Internet companies operating with many computer servers.

P o w e r c p u = ∝ 1 ( I F e t c h m i s s ) + ∝ 2 ( D a t a D e p ) + ∝ 3 ( D a t a T L B m i s s ) + ∝ 4 ( I n s T L B m i s s ) + ∝ 5 ( I n s t E x e c ) + K c p u {\displaystyle Powe{{r}_{cpu}}={{\propto }_{1}}\left(IFetc{{h}_{miss}}\right)+{{\propto }_{2}}\left(DataDep\right)+{{\propto }_{3}}\left(DataTL{{B}_{miss}}\right)+{{\propto }_{4}}\left(InsTL{{B}_{miss}}\right)+{{\propto }_{5}}\left(InstExec\right)+{{K}_{cpu}}} (1) Where, ∝ 1 , ∝ 2 , ∝ 3 , ∝ 4 , ∝ 5 {\displaystyle {{\propto }_{1}},{{\propto }_{2}},{{\propto }_{3}},{{\propto }_{4}},{{\propto }_{5}}} are power weights and K c p u {\displaystyle {{K}_{cpu}}} is a constant for processor power consumption during idle time. One can also estimate power consumption of memory (external RAM) by tracking the performance events if they are available on the designed processor. PXA255 processor, for example, does not have direct performance events accounting for external RAM but Instruction Cache Miss, Data Cache Miss, and Number of Data Dependencies on processor can be used to estimate the memory power consumption. Again, a linear model is derived from the given information (equation 2) to estimate the memory power consumption.

P o w e r m e m o r y = β 1 ( I F e t c h m i s s ) + β 2 ( D a t a D e p ) + K m e m o r y {\displaystyle Powe{{r}_{memory}}={{\beta }_{1}}\left(IFetc{{h}_{miss}}\right)+{{\beta }_{2}}\left(DataDep\right)+{{K}_{memory}}} (2) Where, β 1 , β 2 {\displaystyle {{\beta }_{1}},{{\beta }_{2}}} are power weights and K m e m o r y {\displaystyle {{K}_{memory}}} is a power consumption constant during idle time. The main challenging issue with this method is computing the power weights using a mathematical model (ordinary Least Squares Estimation) at different voltage/frequency points. These constant values in equations 1 and 2 are voltage and frequency depends and they must be computed during benchmark testing. After building such a table for the power weights parameters, then the table can be implemented in software or hardware to estimate the real-time power. The other challenge is in accessing HPCs; for example, in this case they are being read at the beginning of the main OS timer interrupt which requires a software modification. A software program can be written using the equations 1 and 2 and the estimated power weights derived from the table to estimate the power consumption at run-time. For equation 1 the program also needs 5 samples of HPCs but in this example the PXA255 processor can only sample 2 events at any given time therefore multiple code execution is required as well as aligning the data. In summary, the main benefits of this approach are that it is easy to implement, low cost, and does not require special hardware modification. Software designers can benefit from this model by having a quick power estimate for their applications without any extra hardware requirement. The main disadvantage of this method is that: real world processors are not perfect and this model does not account for non-linear relationships in those processors. Another issue is also the software overhead running on the processor that consumes power. This approach also does not provide detailed information about power consumption in each architectural functional unit so designers can not see the difference between each module by executing different parts of the software. This method can not be used by OS scheduler or software developers executing multi threaded programs because it needs to gather data by running benchmarks several times. This work is also good for single core processors but not multi-core processors.

P c o r e = { F 1 ( g 1 ( r 1 ) , … … , g n ( r n ) ) , i f c o n d i t i o n F 2 ( g 1 ( r 1 ) , … … , g n ( R n ) ) , e l s e {\displaystyle {{P}_{core}}=\left\{{\begin{matrix}{{F}_{1}}\left({{g}_{1}}\left({{r}_{1}}\right),\ldots \ldots ,{{g}_{n}}\left({{r}_{n}}\right)\right),if{\text{ }}condition\\{{F}_{2}}\left({{g}_{1}}\left({{r}_{1}}\right),\ldots \ldots ,{{g}_{n}}\left({{R}_{n}}\right)\right),else\\\end{matrix}}\right.} (3) Where r i = ε i / ( c y c l e c o u n t ) {\displaystyle {{r}_{i}}={{\varepsilon }_{i}}/(cycle{\text{ }}count)} Figure 1: Secure Boot Process: Trusted Platform Module Complete Guide - CodeLucky F n = P 0 + P 1 ∗ g 1 ( r 1 ) + … … + P 2 ∗ g n ( r n ) {\displaystyle {{F}_{n}}={{P}_{0}}+{{P}_{1}}*{{g}_{1}}\left({{r}_{1}}\right)+\ldots \ldots +{{P}_{2}}*{{g}_{n}}({{r}_{n}})} (4) Equation 4 transformation can be linear, inverse, logarithmic, exponential, or square root; it depends on what makes the power predication more accurate. Piece wise linear function was chosen to analyze equation 4 from collected data because it will capture more detail about each processor core power. Finally, analyzing the collected HPCs data with piece wise linear method gives the detailed power consumption (for example, L2 cache misses has the highest contribution in power consumption versus L3). The above method was used to schedule each AMD Phenom processor core in a defined power envelope. The processors core gets suspended when the core exceeds the available power envelope and it becomes available again when enough power becomes available. There are some restrictions and issues with this method; for example, this method does not account for temperature effect. There is a direct relationship between temperature and total power consumption (because as temperature increases the leakage power goes up) that this model does not account for because AMD Phenom does not have per-core temperature sensors. A second disadvantage is that mictobenchmarks is not complete to get a better power estimate (for instance, it does not cover the DISPATCH_STALLS HPC). A more complete microbenchmark will cause timing issues. Future work needs to be done to incorporate thermal data into the model and thread scheduling strategies as well as to reduce frequency (DVFS) of each core versus suspending the core. This method only covers processors but there are other subsystems, like memory, and disks, that also need to be considered in total power.

This method is different from many other methods using performance counters because all the cores in multi core processors are considered, the performance counters being used do not individually have high effect with power consumption and it estimates the power consumption for each core that can be used for real time scheduling of each core to be under power envelope.

P s y s t e m = P C P U + P R A M + P D i s k {\displaystyle {{P}_{system}}={{P}_{CPU}}+{{P}_{RAM}}+{{P}_{Disk}}} (5) For each subsystem, power performance counters are being used. For CPU power, ten performance counters are required as follows: Task counts, Context Switch counts, CPU Migration counts, Page Fault counts, Cycles counts, Instruction counts, Branches counts, Cache Refer counts, and Cache Miss Counts. Then a linear model is used to compute the total power of CPU and coefficient values are computed with a liner regression algorithm using performance counter data and monitored power consumption data.

P C P U = [ ∝ , β , … γ ] ∗ V e c t o r o f C P U p e r f o r m a n c e C o u n t e r s + λ c o n s t a n t C P U {\displaystyle {{P}_{CPU}}=\left[\propto ,\beta ,\ldots \gamma \right]*Vector{\text{ }}of{\text{ }}CPU{\text{ }}performance{\text{ }}Counters+{{\lambda }_{constantCPU}}} (6) The above performance counters can also be used for RAM power consumption model and the memory coefficient vector and the constant value is also computed during training phase with performance counter data and monitored power consumption data.

P R A M = [ ∆ , Γ , … Θ ] ∗ V e c t o r o f P e r f o r m a n c e C o u n t e r s + λ c o n s t a n t R A M {\displaystyle {{P}_{RAM}}=\left[{\text{ }}\!\!\Delta \!\!{\text{ }},{\text{ }}\!\!\Gamma \!\!{\text{ }},\ldots {\text{ }}\!\!\Theta \!\!{\text{ }}\right]*{\text{ }}Vector{\text{ }}of{\text{ }}Performance{\text{ }}Counters+{{\lambda }_{constantRAM}}} (7) Disk power consumption model is based on input counter and output counter correlated with Input/Output events counters. The same approach is taken as for CPU and RAM to estimate the coefficient and constant for disk power during training phase.

Figure 2: Trusted Platform Module (TPM) 2.0 und Secure Boot für Call of Duty 2. System Architecture & Core Working Principles P D i s k = [ φ , χ ] ∗ V e c t o r o f D i s k p e r f o r m a n c e c o u n t e r + λ c o n s t a n t D i s k {\displaystyle {{P}_{Disk}}=\left[\varphi ,\chi \right]*{\text{ }}Vector{\text{ }}of{\text{ }}Disk{\text{ }}performance{\text{ }}counter+{{\lambda }_{constantDisk}}} (8) During training the total power measured from the sensor is subtracted from the initial CPU, RAM, and Disk power model predication. Then 10% from the delta result is taken to compensate in individual subsystems CPU, RAM and disk models. This iteration will continue until estimation error for total system power is smaller than some threshold, or it hits the specified number of iterations. During this training process with some number of iteration process each subsystem model gets adjusted accordingly base on the delta percentage. Once the subsystems are trained the total system does not need to be trained. The CPU, RAM, and Disk power model modification and system-level variation is required if the total delta is not less than 10%. The iteration process will continue until the individual subsystem power model prediction gets close to the monitored total power. When subsystem power consumption model has been trained the total system level power consumption model does not need to train again for the same system. This method is beneficial compared to static models because of its adaptability to the variations among different systems even with exactly the same hardware. The experimental results show that estimated errors are high before training the DiPART, and that the error decreases as the number of iteration increases. One major issue with this model is the dependency on power sensors to measure the total power. The other issue is the number of performance counters being used for DiPART model. These performance counters might not be available for all processors. This method was also used for CPU, RAM and disk subsystem but there are other subsystems that need to be considered in total power consumption. The main problem with adding more subsystems will be the adaptive mechanism because as the number of subsystems increases, the accuracy and training speed will decrease. Another issue is that the CPU, Disk and RAM are also not perfect and have some non-linearity part that was not considered in this method.

G x + C x = B u {\displaystyle Gx+Cx=Bu} (9) G and C are conductive and capacitive circuit matrices, and x is the vector of node temperature. u is the vector of independent power source and B is the input selector matrix. This equation will be solved in frequency domain and the initial condition is required which will be the initial temperature at each node. The main idea is to implement the TMM algorithm which provides better reliable on-line temperature estimation for DTM applications. In summary, the TMM algorithm is much faster than the previous work in this area to estimate the thermal variation because this method is using frequency domain moment matching method. The other work (like HotSpot) uses the integration method where it needs all previous points to obtain the temperature at certain running point. This will make the simulation time longer. This work can also be improved by computing the average power real-time using performance counters. This method can be added to the above models using performance counters to estimate on the fly temperature variation as the programs are getting executed.

P ∗ ( t 1 − t 2 ) = E ∗ ( S O D ( V 1 ) − S O D ( V 2 ) ) {\displaystyle P*\left({{t}_{1}}-{{t}_{2}}\right)=E*(SOD\left({{V}_{1}}\right)-SOD\left({{V}_{2}}\right))} (10) Where E is the rated battery energy capacity and SOD (Vi) is the battery state of discharge at voltage Vi and P is the average power consumption in the time interval t1 and t2. The state of discharge can be estimated using look up table where the relationship between present voltage and SOD is captured. Determining the energy is also an issue because the energy is changing as the battery gets old. The new batteries have the total energy written on their back but the value can not be true for all time. It can estimate the energy at highest and lowest discharge rate to decrease the error. The internal resistance also has significant impact on the discharged current. To decrease the effect of internal resistance all the phone components can be switched to their lowest power modes to minimize the discharge current when taking a voltage reading. Finally, this method uses a piece-wise linear function to model the non-linear relationship between SOF and battery voltage. The above battery model can be all automated with 3 steps which are described in. In conclusion, this method is beneficial because all Smartphones can use this method and for new Smartphones this model needs to be constructed only once and after automating the process there would be no need for any extra equipment to measure power consumption. Once the model is generated automatically or manually the PowerTutor utility can use the data to estimate power consumption in real time. Software engineers can use this utility to optimize their design or users can use this tool to make their decision about buying applications based on the power consumption. The main issues are in computing the energy which adds up to accuracy of the power model. Another issue is also considering the internal resistor to read the voltage. This can be resolved in newer versions of Smartphones that provide current measurement instead of voltage. The above model needs to be modified using the current measurement. Appscope and DevScope are similar work to estimate Smartphone power consumptions.

The timeline of historic inventions is a chronological list of particularly significant technological inventions and their inventors, where known. This page lists non-incremental inventions that are widely recognised by reliable sources as having had a direct impact on the course of history that was profound, global, and enduring. The dates in this article frequently use the units mya and kya, which refer to millions and thousands of years ago, respectively.

Figure 3: PPT - Building hardware-based security with a Trusted Platform Module ... The dates listed in this section refer to the earliest evidence of an invention found and dated by archaeologists (or in a few cases, suggested by indirect evidence). Dates are often approximate and change as more research is done, reported and seen. Older examples of any given technology are often found. The locations listed are where the earliest solid evidence has been found, but for earlier inventions, there is little certainty about how close that is to where the invention took place.

3.3 Mya – 2.6 Mya: Stone tools - found in modern-day Kenya are older and only found on the archetype road. Ancient stone tools from Ethiopia (Oldowan) were hand-crafted by Australopithecus or related people. 1.76 Mya: Advanced (Acheulean) stone tools in Kenya by Homo erectus 1.75 Mya – 150 kya: Varying estimates for the origin of language 1.5 Mya: Earliest likely control of fire by Homo Erectus 1.5 Mya: Bone tools in Africa by Homo erectus and/or Paranthropus boisei 1 Mya-780 Kya: Cooking in Middle East by Homo erectus 900 kya – 40 kya: Rafts 500 kya: Hafting in South Africa by Homo heidelbergensis 500 kya – 450 kya: Woodworking construction in Zambia by Homo heidelbergensis (The oldest known surviving buildings are made from stone and date back no more than 9,500 years.) 420 – 200 kya: Food storage in the form of uncracked bones saved for their marrow in Qesem cave, Israel. 400 kya: Hide and leather clothing, footwear and shelter. 400 kya: Pigments in Zambia by Homo heidelbergensis 337 kya – 300 kya: Schöningen Spears in Germany likely by Homo heidelbergensis or early Neandarthals. 320 kya: The trade and long-distance (up to 50 miles) transportation of resources (e.g.

obsidian), use of pigments, and possible making of projectile points in Kenya 279 kya: Hafting and early stone-tipped projectile weapons in Ethiopia 200 kya: Simple glue (adhesive) made of one kind of material, birch tar, in Central Italy by Neanderthals. 200 kya: Beds in South Africa. 170 kya – 90 kya: Clothing, among anatomically modern humans in Africa. Genetic evidence from body lice suggests a range of dates centering over 100 thousand years ago. The first bone scrapers appropriate for scraping hides to make supple leather were found in Morocco dating to 90–120,000 years ago. 164 kya – 47 kya: Heat treating of stone blades in South Africa. 135 kya – 100 kya: Beads in Israel and Algeria — implying string or thread 100 kya: Ochre processed, and compound paints made in South Africa 100 kya: Funerals (in the form of burial) in Skhul Cave, Israel 90 kya: Harpoons in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. 70 kya – 60 kya in Sibudu Cave in South Africa by Homo sapiens: Compound adhesives Arrows and other evidence of bow-and-arrow technology Sewing needle (implying thread of some kind) 62 kya – 61 kya: Cave painting in Spain by Neanderthal 59–49 kya: Dentistry in southwestern Siberia, by Neanderthals 55.8–51.2 kya: Representational and Narrative art in Indonesia by Homo sapiens 49 kya – 30 kya: Ground stone tools – fragments of an axe in Australia date to 49–45 ka, more appear in Japan closer to 30 ka, and elsewhere closer to the Neolithic. 47 kya: The oldest-known mines in the world are from Eswatini, and extracted hematite for the production of the red pigment ochre. 45 kya – 9 kya: Earliest evidence of shoes, suggested by changes in foot bone morphology in China by Tianyuan man. The earliest physical shoes found so far are bark sandals dated to 10 to 9 kya in Fort Rock Cave, United States. The oldest known leather shoe dated to 5.5 kya was found in excellent condition in the Areni-1 cave located in the Vayots Dzor province of Armenia. 44 kya – 42 kya: Tally sticks (see Lebombo bone) in Eswatini 42 kya: Flute in Germany 42-17.5 kya: The oldest spear-thrower (aka atlatl, woomera) found so far was in France, dated to 17.5 thousand years ago. Indirect evidence suggests 42 thousand years ago or longer, from study of Mungo Man's arthritis 37 kya: Mortar and pestle in Southwest Asia 32-28 kya: Rope and Cords for "hafting stone tools, weaving baskets, or sewing garments," according to Elis Kvavadze et al. 31 kya: Amputation and surgery. Medicine in a meaningful sense likely predates the human-chimpanzee split, as, for example, herbal medicine has been observed in other primates. 28 kya: Ceramics (direct evidence) and weaving (impressions left in the ceramics) in Moravia (Czech Republic) and Georgia. (The oldest piece of woven cloth found so far was in Çatalhöyük, Turkey and dated to about 9,000 years ago.) 24 kya: Oldest known ceramic sculpture 23 kya: Domestication of the dog in Siberia. 22 – 17 kya Bullroarer 22 kya: Fish hook in Okinawa Island, modern day Japan. 21 – 3.7 kya: Star chart in France, and later Spain, Kashmir, Germany, and Egypt. 20 – 16 kya: Pottery in China 14.5 kya: Bread in Jordan 12 kya: Spindle whorl, also the oldest wheel-like tool, at Nahal Ein Gev II, Israel 3. Software Implementation, Frameworks & Protocols During the Neolithic period, lasting 8400 years, stone began to be used for construction, and remained a predominant hard material for toolmaking. Copper and arsenic bronze were developed towards the end of this period, and of course the use of many softer materials such as wood, bone, and fibers continued. Domestication spread both in the sense of how many species were domesticated, and how widespread the practice became.

10,000 BC – 9000 BC: Agriculture in the Fertile Crescent 10,000 BC – 9000 BC: Domestication of sheep in Southwest Asia (followed shortly by pigs, goats and cattle) 10,000 - 9000 BC: Alcohol fermentation – specifically mead, in Southwest Asia 9500 BC – 9000 BC: Oldest known surviving building – Göbekli Tepe, in Turkey 9000 BC – 6000 BC: Domestication of rice in China 9000 BC: Mudbricks (unfired bricks), and clay mortar in Jericho. 8400 BC: Oldest known water well in Cyprus.

8040–7510 BC: The Pesse canoe is the oldest boat we have found, while early human habitation of Crete and Australia make clear human seafaring goes back tens or hundreds of thousands of years. (see above) 8000–7500 BC: Proto-city – large permanent settlements, such as Tell es-Sultan (Jericho) and Çatalhöyük, Turkey. 8000–5000 BC: Domestication of potatoes, in southern Peru and northwestern Bolivia by pre-Columbian farmers, around Lake Titicaca. 7500–6500 BC: Copper tools, by the people of the Old Copper Complex from the Great Lakes region of North America. 7000 BC: Sled dog and Dog sled, in Siberia. 6500 BC: Evidence of lead smelting in Çatalhöyük, Turkey 6000 BC: Kiln in Mesopotamia (Iraq) 6th millennium BC: Irrigation in Khuzistan, Iran 6000 BC – 3200 BC: Proto-writing in present-day Egypt, Iraq, Romania, China, India and Pakistan.

5900 – 5600 BC: Oldest evidence of salt production found in Southeastern Europe, in the countries of Moldova and Romania. 5500 – 5200 BC: Oldest evidence of cheese found, in Poland and on the Dalmatian coast of Croatia. 5500 BC: Sailing - pottery depictions of sail boats, in Mesopotamia, and later ancient Egypt 5000 BC: Copper smelting in Serbia. 5000 BC: Seawall in Tel Hareiz, near Haifa, Israel. 5th millennium BC: Lacquer in China 5000 BC: Cotton thread, in Mehrgarh, Indus Valley, connecting the copper beads of a bracelet. 5000 BC – 4500 BC: Rowing oars in China 4500 BC – 3500 BC: Lost-wax casting in Palestine or the Indus Valley 4400 BC: Fired bricks in China. 4000 BC: Probable time period of the first diamond-mines in the world, in Southern India. 4000 BC: Paved roads, in and around the Mesopotamian city of Ur, Iraq. 4000 BC: Plumbing. The earliest pipes were made of clay, and are found at the Temple of Bel at Nippur in Babylonia. 4000 BC: Oldest evidence of locks, the earliest example discovered in the ruins of Nineveh, the capital of ancient Assyria. 4000 BC – 3400 BC: Oldest evidence of wheels, found in the countries of Ukraine, Poland, and Germany. 3630 BC: Silk garments (sericulture) in China 3500 BC: Probable first domestication of the horse in the Eurasian Steppes. 3500 BC: Wine as general anaesthesia in Sumer. 3500 BC: Seal (emblem) invented around in the Near East, at the contemporary sites of Uruk in southern Mesopotamia and slightly later at Susa in south-western Iran during the Proto-Elamite period, and they follow the development of stamp seals in the Halaf culture or slightly earlier. 3500 BC: Ploughing, on a site in BubeneI, Czech Republic.

Evidence, c. 2800 BC, has also been found at Kalibangan, Indus Valley (modern-day India). 3400 BC – 3100 BC: Tattoos in southern Europe The beginning of bronze-smelting coincides with the emergence of the first cities and of writing in the Ancient Near East and the Indus Valley. The Bronze Age starting in Eurasia in the 4th millennia BC and ended, in Eurasia, c.1200 BC.

Late 4th millennium BC: Writing – in Sumer and Egypt. 3300 BC: The first documented swords. They have been found in Arslantepe, Turkey, are made from arsenical bronze, and are about 60 cm (24 in) long. Some of them are inlaid with silver. 3300 BC: City in Uruk, Sumer, Mesopotamia (modern-day Iraq). 3250 BC: One of the earliest documented hats was worn by a man (nicknamed Ötzi) whose body and hat found frozen in a mountain between Austria and Italy. He was found wearing a bearskin cap with a chin strap, made of several hides stitched together, resembling a Russian fur hat without the flaps. 3200 BC: Dry Latrines in the city of Uruk, Iraq, with later dry squat Toilets, that added raised fired brick foot platforms, and pedestal toilets, all over clay pipe constructed drains. 3200 BC: Earliest actual wheel ever found, the Ljubljana Marshes Wheel, made of wood, in Slovenia. 3000 BC: Devices functionally equivalent to dice, in the form of flat two-sided throwsticks, are seen in the Egyptian game of Senet. Perhaps the oldest known dice, resembling modern ones, were excavated as part of a backgammon-like game set at the Burnt City, an archeological site in south-eastern Iran, estimated to be from between 2800 and 2500 BC. Later, terracotta dice were used at the Indus Valley site of Mohenjo-daro (modern-day Pakistan). 3000 BC: Tin extraction in Central Asia 3000 BC – 2560 BC: Papyrus in Egypt 3000 BC: Reservoir in Girnar, Indus Valley. 3000 BC: Receipt in Ancient Mesopotamia (Iraq) 3000 BC – 2800 BC: Prosthesis first documented in the Ancient Near East, in ancient Egypt and Iran, specifically for an eye prosthetics, the eye found in Iran was likely made of bitumen paste that was covered with a thin layer of gold. 3000 BC – 2500 BC: Rhinoplasty in Egypt. 2650 BC: The Ruler, or Measuring rod, in the subdivided Nippur, copper rod, of the Sumerian Civilisation (modern-day Iraq). 2600 BC: Planned city in Indus Valley. 2600 BC: Public sewage and sanitation systems in Indus Valley sites such as Mohenjo-daro and Rakhigarhi. 2600 BC: Public bath in Mohenjo-daro, Indus Valley (modern-day Pakistan). 2600 BC: Levee in Indus Valley. 2600 BC: Balance weights and scales, from the Fourth Dynasty of Egypt; examples of Deben (unit) balance weights, from reign of Sneferu (c. 2600 BC) have been attributed. 2556 BC: Docks structure in Wadi al-Jarf, Egypt, which was developed by the reign of the Pharaoh Khufu. 2500 BC: Puppetry in the Indus Valley. 2400 BC: Fork in Bronze Age Qijia culture in China 2400 BC: Copper pipes, the Pyramid of Sahure, an adjoining temple complex at Abusir, was discovered to have a network of copper drainage pipes. 2400 BC: Touchstone in the Indus Valley site of Banawali (modern-day India). 2300 BC: Dictionary in Mesopotamia. 2200 BC – 2000 BC: Iron smelting in Kaman-Kalehöyük. 2200 BC: Protractor, Phase IV, Lothal, Indus Valley (modern-day India), a Xancus shell cylinder with sawn grooves, at right angles, in its top and bottom surfaces, has been proposed as an angle marking tool.

2000 BC: Water clock by at least the old Babylonian period (c. 2000 – c. 1600 BC), but possibly earlier from Mohenjo-Daro in the Indus Valley. 2000 BC: Chariot in Russia and Kazakhstan 2000 BC: Scissors, in Mesopotamia. 2000 BC: Noodle in Lajia in China 1850 BC: Proto-alphabet (Proto-Sinaitic script) in Egypt. 1600 BC: Surgical treatise appeared in Egypt. 1500 BC: Sundial in Ancient Egypt or Babylonia (modern-day Iraq). 1500 BC: Glass manufacture in either Mesopotamia or Ancient Egypt. 1500 BC: Seed drill in Babylonia. 1400 BC: Rubber, Mesoamerican ballgame. 1400 BC – 1200 BC: Concrete in Tiryns (Mycenaean Greece), 1300 BC: Lathe in Ancient Egypt. 1200 BC: Distillation is described on Akkadian tablets documenting perfumery operations.

1100 BC Star catalogue — Three Stars Each is the earliest known catalogue in long-running tradition of Babylonian astronomy, likely drawing on Sumerian and/or Elamite constellations. 700 BC: Saddle (fringed cloths or pads used by Assyrian cavalry). 7th century BC: The royal Library of Ashurbanipal at Nineveh had 30,000 clay tablets, in several languages, organized according to shape and separated by content. The first recorded example of a library catalog. 688 BC: Waterproof concrete in use, by the Assyrians. Later, the Romans developed concretes that could set underwater, and used concrete extensively for construction from 300 BC to 476 AD. 650 BC: Crossbow in China. 600 BC: Coins in Phoenicia (Modern Lebanon) or Lydia. Late 7th or early 6th century BC: Wagonway called Diolkos across the Isthmus of Corinth in Ancient Greece.

6th century BC – 10th century AD: High Carbon Steel, produced by the Closed Crucible method, later known as Wootz steel, of South India. 6th century – 2nd century BC: Systematization of medicine and surgery in the Sushruta Samhita in Vedic Northern India. Documented procedures to: Perform cataract surgery (couching). Babylonian and Egyptian texts, a millennium before, depict and mention oculists, but not the procedure itself. Perform Caesarean section. Construct Prosthetic limbs.

Perform Plastic surgery, though reconstructive nasal surgery is described in millennia older Egyptian papyri. Late 6th century BC: Crank motion (rotary quern) in Carthage or 5th century BC Celtiberian Spain Later during the Roman empire, a mechanism appeared that incorporated a connecting rod. Before 5th century BC: Loan deeds in Upanishadic India. 500 BC: Lighthouse in Greece.

400 and 300 BC: Invention of the concept of zero in Babylon (now Iraq). It was invented independently by the Maya in the first few centuries AD. 4th century BC: Traction trebuchet in Ancient China. 4th century BC: Gears in Ancient China. 4th century BC: Reed pens, utilising a split nib, were used to write with ink on Papyrus in Egypt. 4th century BC: Nailed horseshoe, with 4 bronze shoes found in an Etruscan tomb. 375 BC – 350 BC: Animal-driven rotary mill in Carthage. By the late 4th century BC: Corporations in either the Maurya Empire of India or in Ancient Rome (Collegium). Late 4th century BC: Cheque in the Maurya Empire of India. Late 4th century BC: Formal systems by PIIini in India, possibly during the reign of Chandragupta Maurya.

4th to 3rd century BC: Zinc production in North-Western India during the Maurya Empire. The earliest known zinc mines and smelting sites are from Zawar, near Udaipur, in Rajasthan. 3rd century BC: Analog computers in the Hellenistic world (see e.g. the Antikythera mechanism), possibly in Rhodes. By at least the 3rd century BC: Archimedes' screw, one of the earliest hydraulic machines, was first used in the Nile river for irrigation purposes in Ancient Egypt Early 3rd century BC: Canal lock in Canal of the Pharaohs under Ptolemy II (283–246 BC) in Hellenistic Egypt 3rd century BC: Cam during the Hellenistic period, used in water-driven automata. By the 3rd century BC: Water wheel. The origin is unclear: Indian Pali texts dating to the 4th century BCE refer to the cakkavattaka, which later commentaries describe as arahatta-ghati-yanta (machine with wheel-pots attached). Helaine Selin suggests that the device existed in Persia before 350 BC. The clearest description of the water wheel and liquid-driven escapement is provided by Philo of Byzantium (c. 280 – 220 BC) in the Hellenistic kingdoms. 3rd century BC: Gimbal described by Philo of Byzantium Late 3rd century BC: Dry dock under Ptolemy IV (221–205 BC) in Hellenistic Egypt 3rd century BC – 2nd century BC: Blast furnace in Ancient China: The earliest discovered blast furnaces in China date to the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC, although most sites are from the later Han dynasty.

4. Practical Deployment, Analysis & Case Studies 2nd century BC: Paper in Han dynasty China 206 BC: Compass in Han dynasty China Early 2nd century BC: Astrolabe invented by Apollonius of Perga 132: Seismometer and pendulum in Han dynasty China, built by Zhang Heng. It is a large metal urn-shaped instrument which employed either a suspended pendulum or inverted pendulum acting on inertia, like the ground tremors from earthquakes, to dislodge a metal ball by a lever trip device. 2nd century: Carding in India.

By at least the 3rd century: Crystallized sugar in India. Early 3rd century: Woodblock printing is invented in Han dynasty China at sometime before 220 AD. This made China become the world's first print culture. Late 3rd century – Early 4th century: Water turbine in the Roman Empire in modern-day Tunisia. 280 – 550: Chaturanga, a precursor of Chess was invented in India during the Gupta Empire. 4th century: Roman Dichroic glass, which displays one of two different colors depending on lighting conditions. 4th century: Simple suspension bridge, independently invented in Pre-Columbian South America, and the Hindu Kush range, of present-day Afghanistan and Pakistan. With Han dynasty travelers noting bridges being constructed from 3 or more vines or 3 ropes. Later bridges constructed utilizing cables of iron chains appeared in Tibet. 4th century: Fishing reel in Ancient China: In literary records, the earliest evidence of the fishing reel comes from a 4th-century AD work entitled Lives of Famous Immortals. 347: Oil Wells and Borehole drilling in China. Such wells could reach depths of up to 240 m (790 ft). 4th century – 5th century: Paddle wheel boat (in De rebus bellicis) in Roman Empire 400: The construction of the Iron pillar of Delhi in Mathura by the Gupta Empire shows the development of rust-resistant ferrous metallurgy in Ancient India, although original texts do not survive to detail the specific processes invented in this period. 5th century: The horse collar as a fully developed collar harness is developed in Northern and Southern dynasties China during the 5th century AD. The earliest depiction of it is a Dunhuang cave mural from the Chinese Northern Wei dynasty, the painting dated to 477–499. 5th century – 6th century: Pointed arch bridge (Karamagara Bridge) in Cappadocia, Eastern Roman Empire 619: Toothbrush in China during the Tang dynasty 672: Greek fire in Constantinople, Byzantine Empire: Greek fire, an incendiary weapon likely based on petroleum or naphtha, is invented by Kallinikos, a Lebanese Greek refugee from Baalbek, as described by Theophanes. However, the historicity and exact chronology of this account is dubious, and it could be that Kallinikos merely introduced an improved version of an established weapon. 7th century: Banknote in Tang dynasty China: The banknote is first developed in China during the Tang and Song dynasties, starting in the 7th century. Its roots are in merchant receipts of deposit during the Tang dynasty (618–907), as merchants and wholesalers desire to avoid the heavy bulk of copper coinage in large commercial transactions. 7th century: Porcelain in Tang dynasty China: True porcelain is manufactured in northern China from roughly the beginning of the Tang dynasty in the 7th century, while true porcelain was not manufactured in southern China until about 300 years later, during the early 10th century.

9th century: Gunpowder in Tang dynasty China: Gunpowder is, according to prevailing academic consensus, discovered in the 9th century by Chinese alchemists searching for an elixir of immortality. Evidence of gunpowder's first use in China comes from the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period (618–907). The earliest known recorded recipes for gunpowder are written by Zeng Gongliang, Ding Du, and Yang Weide in the Wujing Zongyao, a military manuscript compiled in 1044 during the Song dynasty (960–1279). 9th century: Playing card in Tang dynasty China 10th century: Fire lance in Song dynasty China, developed in the 10th century with a tube of first bamboo and later on metal that shot a weak gunpowder blast of flame and shrapnel, its earliest depiction is a painting found at Dunhuang. Fire lance is the earliest firearm in the world and one of the earliest gunpowder weapons. 10th century: Fireworks in Song dynasty China: Fireworks first appear in China during the Song dynasty (960–1279), in the early age of gunpowder. Fireworks could be purchased from market vendors; these were made of sticks of bamboo packed with gunpowder. 974: Fountain pen: invented at the request of al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah in Arab Egypt.

5. Performance Evaluation & Extended Technical Observations 11th century: Early versions of the Bessemer process are developed in China. 11th century: Endless power-transmitting chain drive by Su Song for the development an astronomical clock (the Cosmic Engine) 11th century: Calico was developed in Calicut, India. 1088: Movable type in Song dynasty China: The first record of a movable type system is in the Dream Pool Essays, which attributes the invention of the movable type to Bi Sheng.

The oldest known representation of a bombard is a 12th-century (circa 1128 AD) high-relief sculpture found in the Dazu Rock Carvings in Sichuan, China. 13th century: Rocket for military and recreational uses date back to at least 13th-century China. 13th century: The earliest form of mechanical escapement, the verge escapement in Europe. 13th century: Buttons (combined with buttonholes) as a functional fastening for closing clothes appear first in Germany. 13th century: Explosive bomb in Jin dynasty Manchuria: Explosive bombs are used in 1221 by the Jin dynasty against a Song dynasty city. The first accounts of bombs made of cast iron shells packed with explosive gunpowder are documented in the 13th century in China and are called "thunder-crash bombs", coined during a Jin dynasty naval battle in 1231. 13th century: Hand cannon in Yuan dynasty China: The earliest hand cannon dates to the 13th century based on archaeological evidence from a Heilongjiang excavation. There is also written evidence in the Yuanshi (1370) on Li Tang, an ethnic Jurchen commander under the Yuan dynasty who in 1288 suppresses the rebellion of the Christian prince Nayan with his "gun-soldiers" or chongzu, this being the earliest known event where this phrase is used. 13th century: Earliest documented snow goggles, a type of sunglasses, made of flattened walrus or caribou ivory are used by the Inuit peoples in the arctic regions of North America. In China, the first sunglasses consisting of flat panes of smoky quartz are documented. 13th century: Double-entry bookkeeping in Italy. 13th century - 14th century: Worm gear cotton gin in India. 1277: Land mine in Song dynasty China: Textual evidence suggests that the first use of a land mine in history is by a Song dynasty brigadier general known as Lou Qianxia, who uses an 'enormous bomb' (huo pao) to kill Mongol soldiers invading Guangxi in 1277. 1286: Eyeglasses in Italy Early 15th century: Coil spring in Europe 15th century: Mainspring in Europe 1420s: Brace in Flanders, Holy Roman Empire 1439: Printing press in Mainz, Germany: The printing press is invented in the Holy Roman Empire by Johannes Gutenberg before 1440, based on existing screw presses. The first confirmed record of a press appeared in a 1439 lawsuit against Gutenberg. Mid 15th century: The Arquebus (also spelled Harquebus) is invented, possibly in Spain. 1453: First large scale use of Liquation for separating silver from silver-bearing copper at Nuremberg, Holy Roman Empire. 1480s: Mariner's astrolabe in Portuguese circumnavigation of Africa 1605: Newspaper (Relation): Johann Carolus in Strassburg (see also List of the oldest newspapers) 1608: Telescope: Patent applied for by Hans Lippershey. Actual inventor unknown since it seemed to already be a common item being offered by the spectacle makers in the Netherlands with Jacob Metius also applying for patent and the son of Zacharias Janssen making a claim 47 years later that his father invented it. 1620: Compound microscopes, which combine an objective lens with an eyepiece to view a real image, first appear in Europe. Apparently derived from the telescope, actual inventor unknown, variously attributed to Zacharias Janssen (his son claiming it was invented in 1590), Cornelis Drebbel, and Galileo Galilei.

1630: Slide rule: invented by William Oughtred 1630: first use of the flintlock 1642: Mechanical calculator. The Pascaline is built by Blaise Pascal. 1643: Barometer: invented by Evangelista Torricelli, or possibly up to three years earlier by Gasparo Berti. 1650: Vacuum pump: Invented by Otto von Guericke. 1656: Pendulum clock: Invented by Christiaan Huygens. It was first conceptualized in 1637 by Galileo Galilei but he was unable to create a working model. 1668: First functional reflecting telescope constructed by Isaac Newton. 1679: Pressure-cooker: Invented by Denis Papin. 1680: Christiaan Huygens provides the first known description of a piston engine. 1698: Thomas Savery develops a steam-powered water pump: for draining mines 1810: Nicolas Appert invents the canning process for food. 1810: Abraham-Louis Breguet creates the first wristwatch. 1811: Friedrich Koenig invents the first powered printing press, which was also the first to use a cylinder. 1812: William Reid Clanny pioneered the invention of the safety lamp which he improved in later years. Safety lamps based on Clanny's improved design were used until the adoption of electric lamps. 1814: James Fox invents the modern planing machine, though Matthew Murray of Leeds and Richard Roberts of Manchester have also been credited at times with its invention. 1816: René Laennec invents the first Stethoscope. 1816: Francis Ronalds builds the first working electric telegraph using electrostatic means. 1816: Robert Stirling invents the Stirling engine. 1817: Baron Karl von Drais invents the dandy horse, an early velocipede and precursor to the modern bicycle. 1818: Marc Isambard Brunel invents the tunnelling shield.

1840: John Herschel invents the blueprint. 1841: Alexander Bain devises a printing telegraph. 1842: William Robert Grove invents the first fuel cell. 1842: John Bennet Lawes invents superphosphate, the first man-made fertilizer. 1844: Friedrich Gottlob Keller and, independently, Charles Fenerty come up with the wood pulp method of paper production. 1844: Francis Rynd invents the hypodermic needle. 1844: Horace Wells successfully used nitrous oxide as an anesthesia 1845: Isaac Charles Johnson invents modern Portland cement. 1846: Henri-Joseph Maus invents the tunnel boring machine. 1846: Elias Howe received a patent for a sewing machine, the model for the Singer Sewing Machine 1847: Ascanio Sobrero invents nitroglycerin, the first explosive made that was stronger than black powder. 1848: Jonathan J. Couch invents the pneumatic drill. 1848: Linus Yale Sr. invents the first modern pin tumbler lock. 1849: Walter Hunt invents the first repeating rifle to use metallic cartridges (of his own design) and a spring-fed magazine. 1849: James B. Francis invents the Francis turbine. 1849: Walter Hunt invents the safety pin.

1960: The first combined oral contraceptive pill becomes publicly available. 1960: The first functioning laser is invented by Theodore Maiman. 1960: First robotic exoskeleton 1963: The first electronic cigarette is created by Herbert A. Gilbert. Hon Lik is often credited with its invention as he developed the modern electronic cigarette and was the first to commercialize it. 1964: Shinkansen, the first high-speed rail commercial passenger service. 1965: Kevlar is invented by Stephanie Kwolek at DuPont.

1967: E. A. Johnson of the Royal Radar Establishment developed the capacitive touch display or touchscreen 1969: The NPL network followed by the ARPANET implement packet switching for data communication, drawing on the concepts and designs of Donald Davies, and Paul Baran. These are considered precursors to the modern Internet. Harvested Online Documentation & Reference Sources • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Run-time%20estimation%20of%20system%20and%20sub-system%20level%20power%20cons umption • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline%20of%20historic%20inventions • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BP