T Type Inverter Matlab Simulink

Foreword

“The Physics of the B Factories” describes a decade long effort of physicists in the quest for the precise determina- tion of asymmetry — broken symmetry — between par- ticles and anti-particles. We now recognize that the mat- ter we see around us is the residue — one part in a bil- lion — of the matter and antimatter that existed in the early universe, most of which annihilated into the cosmic background radiation that bathes us. But the question re- mains: how did the baryonic matter-antimatter asymme- try arise? This book describes the work done by some 1000 physicists and engineers from around the globe on two experimental facilities built to test our understanding of this phenomenon, one at the SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory in California, USA, and a second at the KEK Laboratory, Tsukuba, Japan, and what we have learned from them in broadening our understanding of nature.

Why is our universe dominated by the matter of which we are made rather than equal parts of matter and anti- matter? This question has puzzled physicists for decades.

However, this was not the question we addressed when we wrote the paper on CP violation in 1972. Our question was whether we can explain the CP violation observed in the K meson decay within the framework of the renor- malizable gauge theory. At that time, Sakharov’s seminal paper was already published, but it did not attract our attention. If we were aware of the paper, we would have been misled into seeking a model satisfying Sakharov’s conditions and our paper might not have appeared.

In our paper, we discussed that we need new parti- cles in order to accommodate CP violation into the renor- malizable electroweak theory, and proposed the six-quark scheme as one of the possible ways introducing new parti- cles. We thought that the six-quark scheme is very inter- esting, but it was just a possibility. The situation changed when the tau-lepton was found and it was followed by the discovery of the Upsilon particle. The existence of the third generation became reality. However, it was still uncertain whether the mixing of the six quarks is a real origin of the observed CP violation. Theoretical calcula- tion of CP asymmetries in the neutral K meson system contains uncertainty from strong interaction effects. What settled this problem were the B Factories built at SLAC and KEK.

These B Factories are extraordinary in many ways. In order to fulfill the requirements of special experiments, the beam energies of the colliding electron and positron are asymmetric, and the luminosity is unprecedentedly high.

It is also remarkable that severe competition between the two laboratories boosted their performance. One of us (M. Kobayashi) has been watching the development at KEK very closely as the director of the Institute of Particle and Nuclear Studies of KEK for a period of time. As witnesses, we appreciate the amazing achievement of those who par- ticipated in these projects at both laboratories.

The B Factories have contributed a great deal to our understanding of particle physics, as documented in this book. In particular, thanks to the high luminosity far ex- ceeding the design value, experimental groups measured mixing angles precisely and verified that the dominant source of CP violation observed in the laboratory exper- iments is flavor mixing among the three generations of quarks. Obviously we owe our Nobel Prize to this result.

Now We Are Awaiting The Operation Of The Next-

generation Super B Factories. In spite of its great suc- cess, the Standard Model is not an ultimate theory. For example, it is not thought to be possible for the matter dominance of the universe to be explained by the Stan- dard Model. This means that there will still be unknown particles and unknown interactions. We have a lot of the- oretical speculations but experimental means are rather limited. There are great expectations for the Super B Fac- tories to reveal a clue to the world beyond the Standard Model.

Director General

Kobayashi-Maskawa Institute for the Origin of Particles

Preface

The inspiration for this book came from Fran¸cois le Diberder. During his term as spokesperson for BABAR he laid down a vision for the two B Factory detector collaborations, BABAR and Belle, to work together on a book that would describe the methodologies used and physics results ob- tained by those experiments. A key ideal emphasized from the outset was that this book should be written from a pedagogical perspective; it should be of interest to the student and expert alike. This vision was presented dur- ing a BABAR collaboration meeting on the island of Elba in May 2008 and a follow up Belle collaboration meeting at KEK, with visiting colleagues from the BABAR collab- oration, and was embraced by the community. A number of workshops involving people from the theoretical com- munity as well as the two collaborations were held on four continents over the following years. The resulting book, “The Physics of the B Factories”, is a testament to the way that this concept captured the zeitgeist on both sides of the Pacific Ocean.

This book is divided into three parts, the first of which provides a brief description of the B Factories, including a short (though not exhaustive) historical perspective, as well as descriptions of the detectors, ancillary data acqui- sition systems and data (re)processing systems that were built by the two detector collaborations in the late 1990’s.

The second part of the book discusses tools and meth- ods that are frequently used when analyzing the data col- lected. These range from details of low level reconstruction algorithms and abstract summaries of statistical methods to high level prescriptions used when evaluating system- atic uncertainties on measurements of observables. The third part of the book is devoted to physics results. This includes sufficient theoretical discussion in order for the reader to understand the context of the work being de- scribed. We are indebted to our colleagues from the the- oretical community who have helped us achieve our goal of explaining the physics of the B Factories in a broader context.

It should be noted that both B Factory experiments are still actively publishing results and as a result the work presented here is a snapshot of the output of the B Fac- tories up to some point in time. Where appropriate, mea- surements from other experiments have been mentioned, however the focus of this book is on the output of the B Factories. As a result, any brief description of important work by others should be interpreted as a suggestion for further reading on a given topic.

Just as there are two B Factories, many of the observ- ables studied or used in this book have a dual notation in the literature. While preparing this book we have placed the emphasis on the physics rather than trivialities such as convention. The most notable instance of this issue found here is that of the nomenclature used for the angles of the Unitarity Triangle. In order to retain a pedagogical approach we chose a method for selecting between the two notations that is symbolic of their equivalence from the perspective of physics. This choice was decided on the outcome of a coin flip.

It has been a privilege for us to work with our col- leagues from the experimental and theoretical communi- ties while compiling this book. The journey of preparing this tome has been as rewarding as being a part of the individual collaborations. This book has come into exis- tence because of the efforts of the many people who have devoted their time and effort writing contributions found herein, and it belongs to the community who helped create it.

How To Cite This Work:

The journal version of this book should be used as the correct citation, and the full citation reference is “Ed. A.J. Bevan, B. Golob, Th. Mannel, S. Prell, and B.D. Yabsley, Eur. Phys. J. C74 (2014) 3026, SLAC-PUB-15968, KEK Preprint 2014-3.” Please note that this is the official version of The Physics of the B Factories. An auxiliary version of this book will be made available online, both on arXiv and the INSPIRE database, under the same entry as the official version of the book. The official version of the book uses the notation φ1, φ2, φ3 for the angles of the Unitarity Triangle, and the auxiliary version uses the notation β, α, γ.

A Note On Conventions:

This book follows common practice in particle physics by using a relaxed system of natural units. The reduced Planck constant ℏis set to unity, and electromagnetic expressions include the fine structure constant α rather than dimensionful constants. Nevertheless, the units of energy (GeV, MeV, etc.) are distinguished from those of momentum (GeV/c, MeV/c) and mass (GeV/c2, MeV/c2); when length and time are explicitly mentioned, and especially in detector- related discussions, meters and seconds are used rather than the reciprocal of energy.

The treatment of charge conjugation depends on the context. Many analyses are motivated by possible differences between the behaviour of B0 and B0: in such cases, samples of the two states are distinguished. When describing the method, however, if the text specifies reconstruction of B0 →π+D−with D−→K+π−π−, it is usually implied that the equivalent procedure is followed for the charge conjugate mode B0 →π−D+ with D+ →K−π+π+. From time to time, explicit statements are made to resolve potential ambiguities.

Citations follow the author-year format, used in a flexible way. The most common form is surrounded by parenthe- ses (Kobayashi and Maskawa, 1973). However, about 20% of cases incorporate the names of the authors into the grammar of the sentence, as when referring to the classic paper of Kobayashi and Maskawa (1973). Variant forms are used within the text of a parenthesis; all should be clear from the context.

The only unusual feature is the use of three bibliographies: one for BABAR papers (page 806), one for Belle papers (page 822), and one for other references (page 835). To avoid tedium, the “et al.” is omitted for B Factory papers, citing only the first author of full BABAR Collaboration authorlists (Aubert, 2001e), and either the first member (Choi, 2011) or the whole of the first-authorship group (Mizuk, Danilov, 2006) for full Belle Collaboration authorlists. Long authorlists for “other” references are treated normally. The great majority of BABAR papers have either Aubert, del Amo Sanchez, or Lees as first author; most early Belle papers have Abe, but from 2002 onwards show great variety.

Results are described as being from BABAR or Belle if the responsible experiment is not already apparent from the context. Occasionally, a BABAR paper and a Belle paper will be cited together, for example in a quoted average or in the body of a table. It should always be clear which bibliography is meant.

In such a long work, there is inevitably some variation in style and usage. As editors, we have endeavoured to keep this to a minimum. A. J. Bevan∗1, B. Golob∗2,3, Th. Mannel∗4, S. Prell∗5, B. D. Yabsley∗6, K. Abe§7, H. Aihara§8, F. Anulli§9,10, N. Arnaud§11, T. Aushev§12, M. Beneke§13,14, J. Beringer§15, F. Bianchi§16,17, I. I. Bigi§18, M. Bona§16,17, N. Brambilla§13, J. Brodzicka§19, P. Chang§20, M. Charles§21, C. H. Cheng§22, H.-Y. Cheng§23, R. Chistov§12, P. Colangelo§24, J. P. Coleman§25, A. Drutskoy§12,26, V. Druzhinin§27,28, S. Eidelman§27,28, G. Eigen§29, A. M. Eisner§30, R. Faccini§10,31, K. T. Flood§22, P. Gambino§16,17, A. Gaz§32, W. Gradl§33, H. Hayashii§34, T. Higuchi§35, W. Hulsbergen§36, T. Hurth§33, T. Iijima§37,38, R. Itoh§7, P. Jackson§10,31, R. Kass§39, Yu. G. Kolomensky§15, E. Kou§11, P. Kriˇzan§2,3, A. Kronfeld§40, S. Kumano§41,42, Y. Kwon§43, T. E. Latham§44, D. W. S. Leith§45, V. L¨uth§45, F. Martinez-Vidal§46, B. Meadows§47, R. Mussa§16,17, M. Nakao§7, S. Nishida§7, J. Ocariz§48, S. L. Olsen§49, P. Pakhlov§12,50, G. Pakhlova§12, A. Palano§24,51, A. Pich§52, S. Playfer§53, A. Poluektov§27,28, F. C. Porter§22, S. Robertson§54, J. Roney§55, A. Roodman§45, Y. Sakai§7, C. Schwanda§56, A. Schwartz§47, R. Seidl§57, S. Sekula§58, M. Steinhauser§59, K. Sumisawa§7, E. Swanson§60, F. Tackmann§61, K. Trabelsi§7, S. Uehara§7, S. Uno§7, R. van der Water§40, G. Vasseur§62, W. Verkerke§63, R. Waldi§64, M. Z. Wang§20, F. F. Wilson§65, J. Zupan§3,47, A. Zupanc§3, I. Adachi¶7, J. Albert¶55, Sw. Banerjee¶55, M. Bellis¶66, E. Ben-Haim¶48, P. Biassoni¶67,68, R. N. Cahn¶15, C. Cartaro¶45, J. Chauveau¶48, C. Chen¶5, C. Chiang¶20, R. Cowan¶69, J. Dalseno¶70, M. Davier¶11, C. Davies¶71, J. Dingfelder¶45,72, B. Echenard¶22, D. Epifanov¶8, B. Fulsom¶45, A. Gabareen¶45, J. Gary¶73, R. Godang¶74, M. Graham¶45, A. Hafner¶33, B. Hamilton¶36, T. Hartmann¶64, K. Hayasaka¶37,38, C. Hearty¶75, Y. Iwasaki¶7, A. Khodjamirian¶4, A. Kusaka¶8, A. Kuzmin¶27,28, G. Lafferty¶76, A. Lazzaro¶67,68, J. Li¶49, D. Lindemann¶45, O. Long¶73, A. Lusiani¶77,78, G. Marchiori¶48, M. Martinelli¶24,51, K. Miyabayashi¶34, R. Mizuk¶12,50, G. B. Mohanty¶79, D. R. Muller¶45, H. Nakazawa¶80, P. Ongmongkolkul¶22, S. Pacetti¶81,82, F. Palombo¶67,68, T. K. Pedlar¶83, L. Piilonen¶84, A. Pilloni¶10,31, V. Poireau¶85, K. Prothmann¶70,86, T. Pulliam¶45, M. Rama¶9, B. Ratcliff¶45, P. Roudeau¶11, S. Schrenk¶47, T. Schroeder¶87, K. Schubert¶88, C. Shen¶89, B. Shwartz¶27,28, A. Soffer¶90, E. Solodov¶27,28, A. Somov¶47, M. Stariˇc¶3, S. Stracka¶67,68, A. V. Telnov¶91, K. Yu. Todyshev¶27,28, T. Tsuboyama¶7, T. Uglov¶12,26, A. Vinokurova¶27,28, J. Walsh¶77,92, Y. Watanabe¶93, E. Won¶94, G. Wormser¶11, D. Wright¶45, S. Ye¶95, C. Zhang¶96, S. Abachi97, A. Abashian†84, K. Abe98, K. Abe75, N. Abe99, R. Abe100, T. Abe7, T. Abe32, G. Abrams15, I. Adam45, K. Adamczyk19, A. Adametz101, T. Adye65, A. Agarwal55, H. Ahmed55, M. Ahmed102, S. Ahmed102, B. Ahn94, H. Ahn49, I. Aitchison45, K. Akai7, S. Akar48, M. Akatsu38, M. Akemoto7, R. Akhmetshin27, R. Akre†45, M. Alam102, J. Albert11, R. Aleksan62, J. Alexander7, G. Alimonti103, M. Allen45, J. Allison76, T. Allmendinger39, J. Alsmiller104, D. Altenburg105, K. Alwyn76, Q. An106, J. Anderson36, R. Andreassen47, D. Andreotti107, M. Andreotti107,108, J. Andress109, C. Angelini77,92, D. Anipko27, A. Anjomshoaa53, P. Anthony45, E. Antillon32, E. Antonioli110, K. Aoki7, J. Arguin111, K. Arinstein27,28, K. Arisaka97, K. Asai34, M. Asai112, Y. Asano113, D. Asgeirsson75, D. Asner114, T. Aso115, M. Aspinwall116, D. Aston45, H. Atmacan73, B. Aubert85, V. Aulchenko27,28, R. Ayad117, T. Azemoon45, T. Aziz79, V. Azzolini46, D. Azzopardi1, M. Baak118, J. Back44, S. Bagnasco119,120, S. Bahinipati121, D. Bailey76, S. Bailey122, P. Bailly48, N. van Bakel45, A. Bakich6, A. Bala123, V. Balagura12, R. Baldini-Ferroli9, Y. Ban124, E. Banas19, H. Band125, S. Banerjee79, E. Baracchini10,31, R. Barate85, E. Barberio126, M. Barbero103, D. Bard45, T. Barillari32, N. Barlow76, R. Barlow76, M. Barrett103,127, W. Bartel61, J. Bartelt45, R. Bartoldus45, G. Batignani77,92, M. Battaglia15, J. Bauer128, A. Bay129, M. Beaulieu111, P. Bechtle45, T. Beck30, J. Becker32, J. Becla45, I. Bedny27,28, S. Behari7, P. Behera21,130, E. Behn36, L. Behr131, C. Beigbeder11, D. Beiline27, R. Bell†45, F. Bellini10,31, G. Bellodi1, K. Belous132, M. Benayoun48, G. Benelli39, J. Benitez45, M. Benkebil11, N. Berger45, J. Bernabeu46, D. Bernard131, R. Bernet53, F. U. Bernlochner55, J. Berryhill63, K. Bertsche45, P. Besson†62, D. Best133, S. Bettarini77,92, D. Bettoni107, V. Bhardwaj34, W. Bhimji116, B. Bhuyan134, B. Bhuyan135, M. Biagini9, M. Biasini81,82, K. van Bibber136, J. Biesiada91, I. Bingham25, R. Bionta136, M. Bischofberger34, U. Bitenc3, I. Bizjak3, F. Blanc32, G. Blaylock137, V. Blinov27,28,138, E. Bloom45, P. Bloom32, N. Blount139, J. Blouw117, M. Bly65, S. Blyth140, C. Boeheim45, M. Bomben48, A. Bondar27,28, M. Bondioli133, G.R. 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Carroll25, G. Casarosa77,92, B. Casey103, N. Cason18, G. Castelli144, N. Cavallo151, G. Cavoto10, A. Cecchi107,

Vi

R. Cenci77,92, G. Cerizza67,68, A. Cervelli77,92, A. Ceseracciu45, X. Chai21, K. S. Chaisanguanthum122, M. C. Chang152, Y. H. Chang80, Y. W. Chang20, D. Chao22, M. Chao133, Y. Chao20, E. Charles15, C. A. Chavez25, R. Cheaib54, V. Chekelian70, A. Chen80, A. Chen117, E. Chen22, G. P. Chen96, H. F. Chen106, J. -H. Chen20, J. Chen96, K. Chen20, P. Chen20, S. Chen32, W. T. Chen80, X. Chen125, X. Chen153, Y. Q. Chen20, B. Cheng125, B. G. Cheon154, N. Chevalier109, Y. M. Chia76, S. Chidzik91, K. Chilikin12, M. V. Chistiakova15, R. Cizeron11, I. Cho43, K. Cho155, V. Chobanova70, H. Choi55, K. Choi43, S. K. Choi156, Y. Choi157, Y. Choi157, S. Christ64, P. Chu20, S. Chun97, A. Chuvikov91, G. Cibinetto107, D. Cinabro141, A. Clark15, P. J. Clark53, C. Clarke1, R. Claus45, B. Claxton65, Z. Clifton32, J. Cochran5, J. Cohen-Tanugi131, H. Cohn150, T. Colberg88, S. Cole6, F. Colecchia144,145, C. Condurache65, R. Contri119,120, P. Convert62, M. Convery45, P. Cooke25, N. Copty153, C. Cormack1, F. Dal Corso144, L. Corwin39, F. Cossutti142, D. Cote111, A. Cotta Ramusino107, W. N. Cottingham109, F. Couderc85, D. Coupal45, R. Covarelli81,82, G. Cowan149, W. Craddock45, G. Crane45, H. B. Crawley5, L. Cremaldi128, A. Crescente144, M. Cristinziani45, J. Crnkovic158, G. Crosetti119,120, T. Cuhadar-Donszelmann75, A. Cunha63, S. Curry133, A. D’Orazio10,31, S. Dˆu11, G. Dahlinger88, B. Dahmes63, C. Dallapiccola137, N. Danielson91, M. Danilov12,26, A. Das79, M. Dash84, S. Dasu125, M. Datta125, F. Daudo16, P. D. Dauncey116, P. David48, C. L. Davis146, C. Day15, F. De Mori16,17, G. De Domenico62, N. De Groot65, C. De la Vaissi`ere48, Ch. de la Vaissi`ere48, A. de Lesquen62, G. De Nardo151,159, R. de Sangro9, A. De Silva160, S. DeBarger45, F. Decker45, P. del Amo Sanchez85, L. Del Buono48, V. Del Gamba77,92, D. del Re10,31, G. Della Ricca142,143, A. Denig33,161, D. Derkach11, I. Derrington32, H. DeStaebler†45, J. Destree32, S. Devmal47, B. Dey73, B. Di Girolamo16, E. Di Marco10,31, M. Dickopp88, M. O. Dima32, S. Dittrich64, S. Dittongo142,143, P. Dixon1, L. Dneprovsky†27, F. Dohou131, Y. Doi7, Z. Doleˇzal162, D. Doll22, M. Donald45, L. Dong5, L. Y. Dong96, J. Dorfan45, A. Dorigo144, M. Dorsten22, R. Dowd126, J. Dowdell65, Z. Dr´asal162, J. Dragic7, B. Drummond95, R. Dubitzky101, G. Dubois-Felsmann45, M. Dubrovin47, Y. Duh152, Y. Duh20, D. Dujmic69, W. Dungel56, W. Dunwoodie45, D. Dutta134, A. Dvoretskii22, N. Dyce109, M. Ebert45, E. Eckhart117, S. Ecklund45, R. Eckmann163, P. Eckstein88, C. Edgar76, A. Edwards164, U. Egede116, A. Eichenbaum125, P. Elmer91, S. Emery62, Y. Enari38, R. Enomoto7, E. Erdos32, R. Erickson45, J. Ernst102, R. Erwin22, M. Escalier62, V. Eschenburg128, I. Eschrich133, S. Esen47, L. Esteve62, F. Evangelisti107, C. Everton126, V. Eyges5, C. Fabby47, F. Fabozzi151, S. Fahey32, M. Falbo165, S. Fan45, F. Fang103, F. Fang22, C. Fanin144, A. Farbin36, H. Farhat141, J. E. Fast114, M. Feindt161, A. Fella110, E. Feltresi144,145, T. Ferber61, R. Fernholz91, S. Ferrag131, F. Ferrarotto10, F. Ferroni10,31, R. Field45, A. Filippi16,17, G. Finocchiaro9, E. Fioravanti107, J. Firmino da Costa11, P.-A. Fischer5, A. Fisher45, P. Fisher69, C. Flacco30, R. Flack116, H. U. Flaecher149, J. Flanagan7, J. Flanigan63, K. Ford148, W. Ford32, I. Forster25, A. Forti76, F. Forti77,92, D. Fortin55, B. Foster109, S. Foulkes73, G. Fouque131, J. Fox45, P. Franchini107, M. Franco Sevilla63, B. Franek65, E. Frank166, K. Fransham55, S. Fratina3, K. Fratini10, A. Frey167, R. Frey139, M. Friedl56, M. Fritsch33, J. Fry25, H. Fujii7, M. Fujikawa34, Y. Fujita7, Y. Fujiyama99, C. Fukunaga168, M. Fukushima7, J. Fullwood76, Y. Funahashi7, Y. Funakoshi7, F. Furano144, M. Furman15, K. Furukawa7, H. Futterschneider88, E. Gabathuler25, T. Gabriel104, N. Gabyshev27,28, F. Gaede32, N. Gagliardi144,145, A. Gaidot62, J.-M. Gaillard85, J. Gaillard116, S. Galagedera65, F. Galeazzi144,145, F. Gallo16,17, D. Gamba16,17, R. Gamet25, K. Gan39, P. Gandini67,68, S. Ganguly141, S. Ganzhur62, Y. Gao169, I. Gaponenko45, A. Garmash27,28, J. Garra Tico170, I. Garzia107, M. Gaspero10,31, F. Gastaldi131, C. Gatto151, V. Gaur79, N. I. Geddes65, T. Geld47, J.-F. Genat48, K. George1, M. George25, S. George149, Z. Georgette62, T. Gershon7,44, M. Gill15, R. Gillard141, J. Gilman32, F. Giordano158, M. Giorgi77,92, P.-F. Giraud62, L. Gladney166, T. Glanzman45, R. Glattauer56, A. Go80, K. Goetzen87, Y. Goh154, G. Gokhroo79, P. Goldenzweig47, V. Golubev27,28, G. Gopal65, A. Gordon126, A. Goriˇsek3, V. Goriletsky171, R. Gorodeisky90, L. Gosset62, K. Gotow84, S. Gowdy45, P. Graffin62, S. Grancagnolo142,143, E. Grauges170, G. Graziani62, M. Green149, M. Greene172, G. Grenier21, P. Grenier45, K. Griessinger33, A. Grillo30, B.V. Grinyov171, A. Gritsan169, G. Grosdidier11, M. Grosse Perdekamp57,158, P. Grosso16, M. Grothe30, Y. Groysman15, O. Gr¨unberg64, E. Guido119,120, H. Guler103, N. Gunawardane116, Q. Guo166, R. Guo173, Z. Guo169, N. Guttman90, H. Ha94, H. Ha94, T. Haas45, J. Haba7, J. Hachtel32, H. Hadavand174, T. Hadig45, C. Hagner84, M. Haire175, F. Haitani98, T. Haji8, G. Haller45, V. Halyo45, K. Hamano55, H. Hamasaki7, G. Hamel de Monchenault62, J. Hamilton45, R. Hamilton21, O. Hamon48, B. Han94, Y. Han96, H. Hanada176, K. Hanagaki91, F. Handa176, J. Hanson22, A. Hanushevsky45, K. Hara7, T. Hara7, Y. Harada100, P. Harrison44, T. Harrison148, B. Harrop91, A. Hart148, P. Hart76, B. Hartfiel97, J. Harton117, T. Haruyama7, A. Hasan45, Y. Hasegawa177, C. Hast45, N. Hastings8, K. Hasuko57, A. Hauke105, C. Hawkes148, K. Hayashi7, M. Hazumi7, C. Hee45, E. Heenan126, D. Heffernan178, T. Held87, R. Henderson160, S. Henderson69, S. Hertzbach137, S. Herv´e62, M. Heß64, C. Heusch30, A. Hicheur85, Y. Higashi7, Y. Higasino38, I. Higuchi176, S. Hikita179, E. Hill174, T. Himel45, L. Hinz129, T. Hirai99, H. Hirano179, J. Hirschauer32, D. Hitlin22, N. Hitomi7, M. Hodgkinson76, A. H¨ocker11, C. Hoi20, T. Hojo178, T. Hokuue38, J. Hollar125, T. Hong63, K. Honscheid39, B. Hooberman15, D. Hopkins149, Y. Horii37,38, Y. Hoshi98, K. Hoshina179, S. Hou20,80, W. Hou20, T. Hryn’ova45, Y. Hsiung20, C. Hsu20, S. Hsu20, H. Hu125, T. Hu117, H. Huang20, T. Huang20, Y. Huang173, Z. Huard47, M. Huffer45, D. Hufnagel39,

Vii

T. Hung45, D. E. Hutchcroft25, H. J. Hyun180, S. Ichizawa99, T. Igaki38, A. Igarashi113, S. Igarashi7, Y. Igarashi7, O. Igonkina139, K. Ikado38, H. Ikeda7, H. Ikeda7, K. Ikeda34, J. Ilic44, K. Inami38, W. R. Innes45, Y. Inoue181, A. Ishikawa7, A. Ishikawa176, H. Ishino99, K. Itagaki176, S. Itami38, K. Itoh8, V. N. Ivanchenko27, R. Iverson45, M. Iwabuchi43, G. Iwai100, M. Iwai7, S. Iwaida113, M. Iwamoto182, H. Iwasaki7, M. Iwasaki8, M. Iwasaki139, T. Iwashita34, J. M. Izen95, D. Jackson178, F. Jackson76, G. Jackson76, P. S. Jackson149, R. G. Jacobsen15, C. Jacoby129, I. Jaegle103, V. Jain102, P. Jalocha19, H. K. Jang49, H. Jasper105, A. Jawahery36, S. Jayatilleke47, C. Jen20, F. Jensen15, C. P. Jessop18, X. B. Ji96, M. John48, D. Johnson32, J. Johnson125, S. Jolly127, M. Jones103, K. Joo7, N. Joshi79, N. Joshi79, D. Judd175, T. Julius126, R. W. Kadel15, J. A. Kadyk15, H. Kagan39, R. Kagan12, D. H. Kah180, S. Kaiser88, H. Kaji38, S. Kajiwara178, H. Kakuno168, T. Kameshima113, J. Kaminski45, T. Kamitani7, J. Kaneko99, J. Kang43, J. Kang94, T. Kani38, P. Kapusta19, T.M. Karbach105, M. Karolak62, Y. Karyotakis85, K. Kasami7, G. Katano7, S. U. Kataoka34, N. Katayama7, E. Kato176, Y. Kato38, H. Kawai182, H. Kawai8, M. Kawai7, N. Kawamura183, T. Kawasaki100, J. Kay65, M. Kay25, M. Kelly76, M. Kelsey45, N. Kent103, L. Kerth15, A. Khan127, H. Khan99, D. Kharakh45, A. Kibayashi7, H. Kichimi7, C. Kiesling70, M. Kikuchi7, E. Kikutani7, B. Kim49, C. Kim49, D. Kim157, H. Kim45, H. Kim180, H. Kim43, H. O. Kim94, J. Kim155, K. Kim94, M. Kim180, P. Kim45, S. Kim49, S. Kim157, T. Kim43, Y. I. Kim180, Y. Kim155, G. King55, K. Kinoshita47, A. Kirk148, D. Kirkby133, I. Kitayama95, M. Klemetti54, V. Klose184, J. Klucar3, N. Knecht75, K. Knoepfel18, D. Knowles148, B. Ko94, N. Kobayashi99, S. Kobayashi185, T. Kobayashi7, M. Kobel88, S. Koblitz70, H. Koch87, M. L. Kocian45, P. Kodyˇs162, K. Koeneke69, R. Kofler137, S. Koike7, S. Koishi99, H. Koiso7, J. Kolb139, S. D. Kolya76, Y. Kondo7, H. Konishi179, P. Koppenburg7, V. Koptchev137, T. Kordich172, A. Korol27,28, K. Korotushenko91, S. Korpar3,147, R. Kouzes114, D. Kovalskyi63, R. Kowalewski55, Y. Kozakai38, W. Kozanecki62, J. F. Kral15, A. Krasnykh45, R. Krause88, E. Kravchenko27,28, J. Krebs45, A. Kreisel32, M. Kreps161, M. Krishnamurthy150, R. Kroeger128, W. Kroeger45, P. Krokovny27,28, B. Kronenbitter161, J. Kroseberg30, T. Kubo7, T. Kuhr161, G. Kukartsev15, R. Kulasiri47, A. Kulikov45, R. Kumar186, S. Kumar123, T. Kumita168, T. Kuniya185, M. Kunze87, C. C. Kuo80, T. -L. Kuo20, H. Kurashiro99, E. Kurihara182, N. Kurita45, Y. Kuroki178, A. Kurup149, P. Kutter125, N. Kuznetsova63, P. Kvasniˇcka162, P. Kyberd127, S. Kyeong43, H. Lacker184, C. Lae169, E. Lamanna10,31, J. Lamsa5, L. Lanceri142,143, L. Landi107,108, M. Lang69, D. Lange136, J. Lange187, U. Langenegger101, M. Langer62, A. Lankford133, F. Lanni67,68, S. Laplace11, E. Latour131, Y. Lau91, D. Lavin53, J. Layter73, H. Lebbolo48, C. LeClerc15, T. Leddig64, G. Leder56, F. Le Diberder11, C. Lee122, J. Lee49, J. Lee157, M. Lee20, M. Lee7, M. Lee49, M. Lee15, S.-J. Lee21, S. Lee49, S. Lee49, Y. Lee20, J. Lees85, M. Legendre62, M. Leitgab158, R. Leitner162, E. Leonardi10, C. Leonidopoulos91, V. Lepeltier†11, Ph. Leruste48, T. Lesiak19,188, M. Levi15, S. Levy63, B. Lewandowski†87, M. Lewczuk55, P. Lewis45, H. Li125, H. Li96, S. Li45, X. Li49, X. Li137, Y. Li84, Y. Li146, L. Li Gioi10,31, J. Libby45,189, J. Lidbury65, V. Lillard36, C. Lim43, A. Limosani126, C. Lin137, J. Y. Lin152, S. Lin20, Y. Lin20, B. Lindquist45, C. Lindsay55, L. Lista151, C. Liu106, F. Liu73, H. Liu153, H. Liu96, J. Liu102, R. Liu125, T. Liu91, Y. Liu47, Z. Q. Liu96, D. Liventsev7,12, M. Lo Vetere119,120, C. Locke55, W. Lockman30, F. Di Lodovico1, V. Lombardo67,68, G. London62, D. Lopes Pegna91, L. Lopez24,51, N. Lopez-March46, J. Lory48, J. LoSecco18, X. Lou95, R. Louvot129, A. Lu63, C. Lu91, M. Lu139, R. Lu20, T. Lueck55, S. Luitz45, P. Lukin27,28, P. Lund150, E. Luppi107,108, A. Lutz11, O. Lutz161, G. Lynch15, H. Lynch45, A. Lyon76, V. Lyubinsky171, D. MacFarlane45, C. Mackay109, J. MacNaughton7, M. Macri119, S. Madani65, W. Mader88, S. Majewski66, G. Majumder79, Y. Makida7, B. Malaescu11, R. Malaguti107, J. Malcl`es48, U. Mallik21, E. Maly88, H. Mamada179, A. Manabe7, G. Mancinelli47, M. Mandelkern133, F. Mandl56, P. Manfredi190, D. Mangeol54, E. Manoni81, Z. Mao96, M. Margoni144,145, C. Marker149, G. Markey65, J. Marks101, D. Marlow91, V. Marques62, H. Marsiske45, S. Martellotti9, E. Martin133, J. Martin111, L. Martin48, A. Martinez30, M. Marzolla144, A. Mass109, M. Masuzawa7, A. Mathieu131, P. Matricon131, T. Matsubara8, T. Matsuda191, T. Matsuda7, H. Matsumoto100, S. Matsumoto192, T. Matsumoto168, H. Matsuo†193, T. Mattison75, D. Matvienko27,28, A. Matyja19, B. Mayer62, M. Mazur63, M. Mazzoni10, M. McCulloch45, J. McDonald45, J. McFall109, P. McGrath149, A. McKemey127, J. McKenna75, S. Mclachlin†54, S. McMahon25, T. McMahon149, S. McOnie6, T. Medvedeva12, R. Melen45, B. Mellado125, W. Menges1, S. Menke45, A. Merchant15, J. Merkel105, R. Messner†45, S. Metcalfe45, S. Metzler22, N. Meyer21, T. Meyer66, W. Meyer5, A. Michael32, G. Michelon144,145, S. Michizono7, P. Micout62, V. Miftakov91, A. Mihalyi125, Y. Mikami176, D. Milanes46, M. Milek54, T. Mimashi7, J. Minamora22, C. Mindas91, S. Minutoli119, L. Mir15, K. Mishra47, W. Mitaroff56, H. Miyake178, T. Miyashita66, H. Miyata100, Y. Miyazaki38, L. Moffitt126, G. Mohanty44, A. Mohapatra130, A. Mohapatra125, D. Mohapatra114, A. Moll70, G. Moloney126, J. Mols62, R. Mommsen133, M. Monge119,120, D. Monorchio151,159, T. Moore137, G. Moorhead126, P. Mora de Freitas131, M. Morandin144, N. Morgan84, S. Morgan148, M. Morganti77,92, S. Morganti10, S. Mori113, T. Mori38, M. Morii122, J. Morris39, F. Morsani77, G. Morton116, L. Moss45, J. Mouly62, R. Mount45, J. Mueller60, R. M¨uller-Pfefferkorn88, M. Mugge136, F. Muheim53, A. Muir25, E. Mullin73, M. Munerato107,108, A. Murakami185, T. Murakami7, N. Muramatsu194, P. Musico119, I. Nagai38, T. Nagamine176, Y. Nagasaka112, Y. Nagashima178, S. Nagayama7, M. Nagel32, M. Naisbit76, T. Nakadaira8,

Viii

Y. Nakahama8, M. Nakajima176, T. Nakajima176, I. Nakamura7, T. Nakamura99, T. T. Nakamura7, E. Nakano181, H. Nakayama7, J. W. Nam157, S. Narita176, I. Narsky22, J .A. Nash116, Z. Natkaniec19, U. Nauenberg32, M. Nayak189, H. Neal45, E. Nedelkovska70, M. Negrini107, K. Neichi98, D. Nelson45, S. Nelson45, N. Neri67, G. Nesom30, S. Neubauer161, D. Newman-Coburn†1, C. Ng8, X. Nguyen111, H. Nicholson195, C. Niebuhr61, J. Nief11, M. Niiyama193, M. B. Nikolich116, N. K. Nisar79, K. Nishimura103, Y. Nishio38, O. Nitoh179, R. Nogowski88, S. Noguchi34, T. Nomura193, M. Nordby45, Y. Nosochkov45, A. Novokhatski45, S. Nozaki176, T. Nozaki7, I. M. Nugent55, C. P. O’Grady45, S. O’Neale†148, F. G. O’Neill45, B. Oberhof77,92, P. J. Oddone15, I. Ofte45, A. Ogawa57, K. Ogawa7, S. Ogawa196, Y. Ogawa7, R. Ohkubo7, K. Ohmi7, Y. Ohnishi7, F. Ohno99, T. Ohshima38, Y. Ohshima99, N. Ohuchi7, K. Oide7, N. Oishi38, T. Okabe38, N. Okazaki179, T. Okazaki34, S. Okuno93, E. O. Olaiya65, A. Olivas32, P. Olley65, J. Olsen91, S. Ono99, G. Onorato151,159, A. Onuchin27,28,138, Y. Onuki8, T. Ooba182, T. Orimoto15, T. Oshima38, I. L. Osipenkov15, W. Ostrowicz19, C. Oswald72, S. Otto88, J. Oyang22, A. Oyanguren46, H. Ozaki7, V. E. Ozcan45, H. Paar174, C. Padoan107,108, K. Paick175, H. Palka†19, B. Pan102, Y. Pan125, W. Panduro Vazquez116, J. Panetta166, A. I. Panova171, R. S. Panvini†197, E. Panzenb¨ock34,167, E. Paoloni77,92, P. Paolucci151, M. Pappagallo24,51, S. Paramesvaran149, C. Park49, C. Park157, H. Park180, H. Park32, H. Park180, K. Park157, W. Park153, R. Parry25, N. Parslow6, S. Passaggio119, F. C. Pastore119,120, P. Patel†54, C. Patrignani119,120, P. Patteri9, T. Pavel45, J. Pavlovich146, D. Payne25, L. Peak6, D. R. Peimer90, M. Pelizaeus87, R. Pellegrini67,68, M. Pelliccioni16,17, C. Peng20, J. Peng20, K. Peng20, T. Peng106, Y. Penichot62, S. Pennazzi81,82, M. Pennington44, R. Penny148, A. Penzkofer32, A. Perazzo45, A. Perez77, M. Perl45, M. Pernicka†56, J.-P. Perroud129, I. Peruzzi9,82, R. Pestotnik3, K. Peters87, M. Peters103, B. A. Petersen66, T. Petersen11, E. Petigura15, S. Petrak45, A. Petrella107, M. Petriˇc3, A. Petzold105, M. Pia119, T. Piatenko22, D. Piccolo151,159, M. Piccolo9, L. Piemontese107, M. Piemontese45, M. Pierini125, S. Pierson45, M. Pioppi81,82, G. Piredda10, M. Pivk48, S. Plaszczynski11, F. Polci10,11,31, A. Pompili24,51, P. Poropat†142,143, M. Posocco144, C. Potter139, R. Potter1, V. Prasad135, E. Prebys91, E. Prencipe33, J. Prendki48, R. Prepost125, M. Prest142, M. Prim161, M. Pripstein15, X. Prudent85, S. Pruvot11, E. Puccio66, M. V. Purohit153, N. D. Qi96, H. Quinn45, J. Raaf47, R. Rabberman91, F. Raffaelli77, G. Ragghianti150, S. Rahatlou174, A. Rahimi39, R. Rahmat139, A. Rakitin22, A. Randle-Conde58, P. Rankin32, I. Rashevskaya142, S. Ratkovsky45, G. Raven118, V. Re190, M. Reep128, J. Regensburger39, J. Reidy128, R. Reif45, B. Reisert70, C. Renard131, F. Renga10,31, S. Ricciardi65, J. Richman63, J. Ritchie163, M. Ritter70, C. Rivetta45, G. Rizzo77,92, C. Roat66, P. Robbe85, D. Roberts36, A. Robertson53, E. Robutti119, S. Rodier11, D. Rodriguez32, J. Rodriguez103, R. Rodriguez45, N. Roe15, M. R¨ohrken161, W. Roethel65, J. Rolquin62, L. Romanov27, A. Romosan15, M. Ronan†15, G. Rong96, F. Ronga7, L. Roos48, N. Root27, M. Rosen103, E. Rosenberg5, A. Rossi81, A. Rostomyan61, M. Rotondo144, E. Roussot131, J. Roy32, M. Rozanska19, Y. Rozen63, Y. Rozen198, A. Rubin5, W. Ruddick32, A. Ruland163, K. Rybicki19, A. Ryd22, S. Ryu49, J. Ryuko178, S. Sabik111, R. Sacco1, M. Saeed102, F. Safai Tehrani10, H. Sagawa7, H. Sahoo103, S. Sahu20, M. Saigo176, T. Saito176, S. Saitoh199, K. Sakai7, H. Sakamoto193, H. Sakaue181, M. Saleem127, A. Salnikov45, E. Salvati137, F. Salvatore149, A. Samuel22, D. Sanders128, P. Sanders116, S. Sandilya79, F. Sandrelli77,92, W. Sands91, W. Sands91, M. Sanpei98, D. Santel47, L. Santelj3, V. Santoro107, A. Santroni119,120, T. Sanuki176, T. Sarangi199, S. Saremi137, A. Sarti107,108, T. Sasaki7, N. Sasao193, M. Satapathy130, Nobuhiko Sato7, Noriaki Sato38, Y. Sato176, N. Satoyama177, A. Satpathy47,163, V. Savinov60, N. Savvas76, O. H. Saxton45, K. Sayeed47, S. F. Schaffner91, T. Schalk30, S. Schenk101, J. Schieck36, T. Schietinger45,129, C. Schilling163, R. Schindler45, S. Schmid56, R. Schmitz30, H. Schmuecker87, O. Schneider129, G. Schnell200,201, P. Sch¨onmeier176, K. Schofield25, G. Schott161, H. Schr¨oder†64, M. Schram54, J. Schubert88, J. Sch¨umann7, J. Schultz133, B. Schumm30, M. Schune11, U. Schwanke174, H. Schwarz45, J. Schwiening45, R. Schwierz88, R. Schwitters163, C. Sciacca151,159, G. Sciolla69, I. Scott125, J. Seeman45, A. Seiden30, R. Seitz111, T. Seki168, A.I. Sekiya34, S. Semenov12, D. Semmler187, S. Sen32, K. Senyo202, O. Seon38, V. Serbo45, S. Serednyakov27,28, B. Serfass62, M. Serra10, J. Serrano11, Y. Settai192, R. Seuster103, M. Sevior126, K. Shakhova171, L. Shang96, M. Shapkin132, V. Sharma174, V. Shebalin27,28, V. Shelkov15, B. Shen†73, D. Z. Shen203, Y. Shen20, D. Sherwood127, T. Shibata100, T. Shibata99, H. Shibuya196, T. Shidara7, K. Shimada100, M. Shimoyama34, S. Shinomiya178, J. Shiu20, H. Shorthouse1, L. Shpilinskaya171, A. Sibidanov6, E. Sicard111, A. Sidorov27, V. Sidorov†27, V. Siegle57, M. Sigamani1, M. Simani136, M. Simard111, G. Simi144, F. Simon70,86, F. Simonetto144,145, N. Sinev139, H. Singh153, J. Singh123, R. Sinha204, S. Sitt48, Yu. Skovpen27,28, R. Sloane25, P. Smerkol3, A. Smith91, D. Smith148, D. Smith116, D. Smith45, D. Smith39, J. Smith32, A. Smol16, H. Snoek118, A. Snyder45, R. So75, R. Sobie55, E. Soderstrom45, A. Soha45, Y. Sohn43, M. Sokoloff47, A. Sokolov132, P. Solagna144, E. Solovieva12, N. Soni123,148, P. Sonnek128, V. Sordini11,10,31, B. Spaan105, S. Spanier150, E. Spencer30, V. Speziali190, M. Spitznagel69, P. Spradlin30, H. Staengle137, R. Stamen7, M. Stanek45, S. Staniˇc205, J. Stark48, M. Steder61, H. Steininger56, M. Steinke87, J. Stelzer45, E. Stevanato144, A. Stocchi11, R. Stock206, H. Stoeck6, D. Stoker133, R. Stroili144,145, D. Strom139, P. Strother1, J. Strube139, B. Stugu29, J. Stypula19, D. Su45, R. Suda168, R. Sugahara7, A. Sugi38, T. Sugimura7, A. Sugiyama185, S. Suitoh38, M. Sullivan45, M. Sumihama207, T. Sumiyoshi168, D. Summers128, L. Sun29, L. Sun47, S. Sun45, J. Sundermann88, H. Sung20, Y. Susaki38, P. Sutcliffe25, A. Suzuki15, J. Suzuki7,

Ix

J. I. Suzuki7, K. Suzuki38,45, S. Suzuki185, S. Y. Suzuki7, J. E. Swain53, S. K. Swain45,103, S. T’Jampens131, M. Tabata182, K. Tackmann15, H. Tajima8, O. Tajima7, K. Takahashi99, S. Takahashi100, T. Takahashi181, F. Takasaki7, T. Takayama176, M. Takita178, K. Tamai7, U. Tamponi16,17, N. Tamura100, N. Tan208, P. Tan125, K. Tanabe8, T. Tanabe15, H. A. Tanaka45, J. Tanaka8, M. Tanaka7, S. Tanaka7, Y. Tanaka209, K. Tanida49, N. Taniguchi7, P. Taras111, N. Tasneem55, G. Tatishvili114, T. Tatomi7, M. Tawada7, F. Taylor69, G. N. Taylor126, G. P. Taylor116, V. Telnov27,28, L. Teodorescu127, R. Ter-Antonyan39, Y. Teramoto181, D. Teytelman45, G. Th´erin48, Ch. Thiebaux131, D. Thiessen75, E. W. Thomas32, J. M. Thompson45, F. Thorne56, X. C. Tian124, M. Tibbetts116, I. Tikhomirov12, J. S. Tinslay45, G. Tiozzo144, V. Tisserand85, V. Tocut11, W. H. Toki117, E. Tomassini32, M. Tomoto7, T. Tomura8, E. Torassa144, E. Torrence139, S. Tosi119,120, C. Touramanis25, J. Toussaint62, S. Tovey126, P. Trapani16, E. Treadwell210, G. Triggiani77,92, S. Trincaz-Duvoid11, W. Trischuk91, D. Troost15, A. Trunov45, K. L. Tsai20, Y. T. Tsujita113, K. Tsukada7, T. Tsukamoto7, J. Tuggle36, A. Tumanov91, Y. Tung20, L. Turnbull175, J. Turner45, M. Turri30, K. Uchida103, M. Uchida99, Y. Uchida199, M. Ueki176, K. Ueno7, K. Ueno20, N. Ujiie7, K. Ulmer32, Y. Unno154, P. Urquijo126, Y. Ushiroda7, Y. Usov27,28, M. Usseglio62, Y. Usuki38, U. Uwer101, J. Va’vra45, S. Vahsen103, G. Vaitsas149, A. Valassi11, E. Vallazza142, A. Vallereau48, P. Vanhoefer70, W. van Hoek32, C. Van Hulse200, D. van Winkle45, G. Varner103, E. Varnes91, K. Varvell6, G. Vasileiadis131, Y. Velikzhanin20, M. Verderi131, S. Versill´e48, K. Vervink129, B. Viaud111, P. B. Vidal1, S. Villa129, P. Villanueva-Perez46, E. Vinograd171, L. Vitale142,143, G. Vitug73, C. Voß64, C. Voci144,145, C. Voena10, A. Volk88, J. von Wimmersperg-Toeller125, V. Vorobyev27,28, A. Vossen211, G. Vuagnin142,143, C. O. Vuosalo125, K. Wacker105, A. Wagner45, D. Wagner32, G. Wagner64, M. Wagner187, S. R. Wagner32, D. Wagoner175, D. Walker109, W. Walkowiak30, D. Wallom109, C. Wang20, C. Wang140, J. Wang124, J. G. Wang84, K. Wang73, L. Wang30, L. Wang11, P. Wang96, P. Wang96, T. Wang96, W. F. Wang45, X. Wang84, Y. Wang106, F. Wappler102, M. Watanabe100, A. Watson148, J. Watson53, N. Watson148, M. Watt65, J. Weatherall76, M. Weaver45, T. Weber45, R. Wedd126, J. Wei20, A. Weidemann153, A. Weinstein45, W. Wenzel15, C. West63, C. West32, T. West76, E. White47, R. White153, J. Wicht7, L. Widhalm†56, J. Wiechczynski19, U. Wienands45, L. Wilden88, M. Wilder30, D. Williams30, G. Williams95, J. Williams76, K. Williams84, M. Williams1, S. Willocq137, J. Wilson153, M. Wilson30, R. Wilson117, F. Winklmeier117, L. Winstrom30, M. Winter149, W. Wisniewski45, M. Wittgen45, J. Wittlin137, W. Wittmer45, R. Wixted91, A. Woch111, B. Wogsland150, E. Won122, Q. Wong39, B. Wray163, A. Wren149, D. Wright136, C. Wu20, J. Wu122, S. Wu125, H. Wulsin45, S. Xella65, Q. Xie96, Y. Xie53, Y. Xie9, Z. Z. Xu106, Ch. Y`eche62, Y. Yamada7, M. Yamaga176, A. Yamaguchi176, H. Yamaguchi7, T. Yamaki212, H. Yamamoto176, N. Yamamoto7, R. Yamamoto†69, S. Yamamoto168, T. Yamanaka178, H. Yamaoka7, J. Yamaoka103, Y. Yamaoka7, Y. Yamashita213, M. Yamauchi7, D. Yan203, Y. Yan45, H. Yanai100, S. Yanaka99, H. Yang49, R. Yang91, S. Yang22, A. Yarritu45, S. Yashchenko61, J. Yashima7, Z. Yasin73, Y. Yasu7, S. Ye106, P. Yeh20, J. Yi76, K. Yi45, M. Yi69, Z. Yin203, J. Ying124, G. Yocky45, K. Yokoyama7, M. Yokoyama8, T. Yokoyama179, K. Yoshida38, M. Yoshida7, Y. Yoshimura7, C. Young45, C. X. Yu96, Z. Yu125, C. Yuan96, Y. Yuan96, F. Yumiceva153, Y. Yusa100, A. Yushkov27, H. Yuta183, V. Zacek111, S. Zain102, A. Zallo9, S. Zambito16,17, D. Zander161, S. Zang96, D. Zanin16, B. Zaslavsky171, Q. Zeng117, A. Zghiche85, B. Zhang48, J. Zhang7, J. Zhang32, L. Zhang73, L. Zhang106, S. Q. Zhang96, Z. Zhang106, H. Zhao96, H. Zhao128, M. Zhao69, Z. Zhao106, Y. Zheng69, Y. Zheng103, Z. Zheng96, V. Zhilich27,28, P. Zhou141, R. Zhu22, Y. Zhu96, Z. Zhu124, V. Zhulanov27,28, T. Ziegler91, V. Ziegler45, G. Zioulas133, M. Zisman15, M. Zito62, D. Z¨urcher129, N. Zwahlen129,

3 J. Stefan Institute, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia

4 Theoretische Physik 1, Naturwissenschaftlich-Technische Fakult¨at, Universit¨at Siegen, Walter-Flex-Straße 3, D-57068 Siegen,

Germany

7 High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Tsukuba 305-0801, Japan 9 INFN Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, I-00044 Frascati, Italy

10 Infn Sezione Di Roma, I-00185 Roma, Italy

11 Laboratoire de l’Acc´el´erateur Lin´eaire, IN2P3/CNRS et Universit´e Paris-Sud 11, Centre Scientifique d’Orsay, F-91898 Orsay

X

12 Institute for Theoretical and Experimental Physics, Moscow 117218, Russia 14 Institut f¨ur Theoretische Teilchenphysik und Kosmologie, RWTH Aachen, D-52056 Aachen, Germany

16 Infn Sezione Di Torino, I-10125 Torino, Italy

17 Dipartimento di Fisica, Universit`a di Torino, I-10125 Torino, Italy 19 H. Niewodniczanski Institute of Nuclear Physics, Krakow 31-342, Poland 22 California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA 23 Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan 115, Republic of China 24 INFN, Sezione de Bari, via Orabona 4, I-70126 Bari, Italy 26 Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Moscow Region 141700, Russia 27 Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics SB RAS, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia 31 Dipartimento di Fisica, Universit`a di Roma La Sapienza, I-00185 Roma, Italy 33 Johannes Gutenberg-Universit¨at Mainz, Institut f¨ur Kernphysik, D-55099 Mainz, Germany 40 Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, IL 60510, USA 41 KEK Theory Center, Institute of Particle and Nuclear Studies, KEK 1-1, OHO, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0801, Japan 42 Particle and Nuclear Physics Division, J-PARC Center 201-1, Shirakata, Tokai, Ibaraki, 309-11-6, Japan 46 IFIC, Universitat de Valencia-CSIC, E-46071 Valencia, Spain 48 Laboratoire de Physique Nucl´eaire et de Hautes Energies, IN2P3/CNRS, Universit´e Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris6, Universit´e

Denis Diderot-Paris7, F-75252 Paris, France

50 Moscow Physical Engineering Institute, Moscow 115409, Russia 51 Dipartmento di Fisica, Universit`a di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy 52 Departament de F´ısica Te`orica, IFIC, Universitat de Val`encia – CSIC

Apt. Correus 22085, E-46071 Val`Encia, Spain

56 Institute of High Energy Physics, 1050 Vienna, Austria 57 RIKEN BNL Research Center, Brookhaven, NY 11973, USA 59 Institut f¨ur Theoretische Teilchenphysik, Karlsruher Institut f¨ur Technologie, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany 61 Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, 22607 Hamburg, Germany 62 CEA, Irfu, SPP, Centre de Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France

64 Universit¨At Rostock, D-18051 Rostock, Germany

65 Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon, OX11 0QX, United Kingdom

67 Infn Sezione Di Milano, I-20133 Milano, Italy

68 Dipartimento di Fisica, Universit`a di Milano, I-20133 Milano, Italy 69 Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Laboratory for Nuclear Science, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA 70 Max-Planck-Institut f¨ur Physik, 80805 M¨unchen, Germany

77 Infn Sezione Di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy

78 Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy 79 Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai 400005, India

81 Infn Sezione Di Perugia I-06123 Perugia, Italy

82 Dipartimento di Fisica, Universit`a di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy

83 Luther College, Decorah, Ia 52101, Usa

85 Laboratoire d’Annecy-le-Vieux de Physique des Particules (LAPP), Universit´e de Savoie, CNRS/IN2P3, F-74941 Annecy-

Le-Vieux, France

86 Excellence Cluster Universe, Technische Universit¨at M¨unchen, 85748 Garching, Germany 87 Ruhr Universit¨at Bochum, Institut f¨ur Experimentalphysik 1, D-44780 Bochum, Germany 88 Technische Universit¨at Dresden, Institut f¨ur Kern- und Teilchenphysik, D-01062 Dresden, Germany 92 Dipartimento di Fisica, Universit`a di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy 96 Institute of High Energy Physics, Beijing 100039, China 99 Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan 101 Universit¨at Heidelberg, Physikalisches Institut, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany 104 Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA 105 Technische Universit¨at Dortmund, Fakult¨at Physik, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany 107 INFN Sezione di Ferrara, I-44100 Ferrara, Italy 108 Dipartimento di Fisica e Scienze della Terra, Universit`a di Ferrara, I-44100 Ferrara, Italy

110 Infn Cnaf I-40127 Bologna, Italy

111 Universit´e de Montr´eal, Physique des Particules, Montr´eal, Qu´ebec, Canada H3C 3J7 112 Hiroshima Institute of Technology, Hiroshima 731-5193, Japan 114 Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA 115 Toyama National College of Maritime Technology, Toyama 933-0293, Japan 116 Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom 118 NIKHEF, National Institute for Nuclear Physics and High Energy Physics, NL-1009 DB Amsterdam, The Netherlands

119 Infn Sezione Di Genova, I-16146 Genova, Italy

120 Dipartimento di Fisica, Universit`a di Genova, I-16146 Genova, Italy 121 Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar, SatyaNagar, 751007, India 129 ´Ecole Polytechnique F´ed´erale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland 131 Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet, CNRS/IN2P3, Ecole Polytechnique, F-91128 Palaiseau, France 132 Institute for High Energy Physics, Protvino 142281, Russia

Xii

134 Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781039, India 135 Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, 781 039, India 136 Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA 142 INFN Sezione di Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy 143 Dipartimento di Fisica, Universit`a di Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy

144 Infn Sezione Di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy

145 Dipartimento di Fisica, Universit`a di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy

151 Infn Sezione Di Napoli, I-80126 Napoli, Italy

155 Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information, Daejeon 305-806, South Korea 159 Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche, Universit`a di Napoli Federico II, I-80126 Napoli, Italy

160 Triumf, Vancouver, Bc, Canada V6T 2A3

161 Universit¨at Karlsruhe, Institut f¨ur Experimentelle Kernphysik, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany 164 Harvey Mudd College, Claremont, California 91711, USA 167 II. Physikalisches Institut, Georg-August-Universit¨at G¨ottingen, 37073 G¨ottingen, Germany 170 Universitat de Barcelona, Facultat de Fisica, Departament ECM, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain 171 Institute for Single Crystals, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kharkov 61001, Ukraine 184 Humboldt-Universit¨at zu Berlin, Institut f¨ur Physik, D-12489 Berlin, Germany 187 Justus-Liebig-Universit¨at Gießen, 35392 Gießen, Germany 189 Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India 190 Universit`a di Pavia, Dipartimento di Elettronica and INFN, I-27100 Pavia, Italy

Xiii

195 Mount Holyoke College, South Hadley, Massachusetts 01075, USA

201 Ikerbasque, 48011 Bilbao, Spain

203 Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100864, PR China 204 Institute of Mathematical Sciences, Chennai 600113, India 209 Nagasaki Institute of Applied Science, Nagasaki 851-0123, Japan

How To Cite This Work

.

Iv

A note on conventions . .

Iv

Authors . .

The B Factories

.

1.1

Introduction . .

Testing The Km Idea

.

1.1.2

Three miracles . .

1.2

The path to the B Factories . .

1.2.1

Requirements for a B Factory . .

1.2.2

Early proposals . .

1.2.3

Asymmetric colliders . .

A Different Approach

.

Pep-Ii And Kekb

.

1.4

Detectors for the B Factories . .

1.4.1

The BABAR detector collaboration . .

Formation Of The Belle Collaboration

.

1.4.3

Building the BABAR detector . .

1.4.4

Building the Belle detector . .

1.5

Physics at last . .

Establishing Cp Violation In B Meson

decay . .

1.5.3

The final Belle data taking runs . .

2

The collaborations and detectors . .

2.1.1

The BABAR and Belle collaborations . .

2.1.2

The BABAR detector . .

The Belle Detector

.

Babar And Belle Comparative Descriptions

.

2.2.1

Silicon detector . .

2.2.2

Drift chamber . .

2.2.3

Charged particle identification . .

2.2.4

Electromagnetic calorimeter . .

2.2.5

Muon detector . .

2.2.6

Trigger . .

Online And Daq

.

Background And Mitigation

.

Conclusion: Main Common Points, Main

differences . .

3

Data processing and Monte Carlo production . .

Data Taking

.

Integrated Luminosity Vs. Time; Luminos-

ity counting . .

Major Hardware/Online Upgrades Which

modified the quality of BABAR data . .

Major Hardware/Online Upgrades Which

modified the quality of Belle data . .

Data Reconstruction

.

3.3.1

Introduction . .

3.3.2

The BABAR prompt reconstruction . .

3.3.3

The Belle data reconstruction . .

3.4

Monte Carlo simulation production . .

Event Generators

.

3.4.3

Detector Simulation . .

Mc Production Systems

.

3.5

Event skimming . .

3.5.2

Skimming in BABAR . .

3.5.3

Skimming in Belle . .

3.6

Data quality and B counting . .

3.6.1

The control of data quality . .

B-Counting Techniques

.

Long Term Data Access System

.

3.7.1

The BABAR approach . .

3.7.2

The Belle approach . .

4

Multivariate methods and analysis optimization . .

4.2

Notation . .

4.3

Figures of merit . .

4.4

Methods . .

Rectangular Cuts

.

Likelihood Method

.

Linear Discriminants

.

4.4.5

Binary decision trees . .

4.4.6

Boosting . .

4.4.7

Bagging and random forest . .

4.4.8

Error correcting output code . .

4.5

Available tools . .

Charged Particle Identification

.

5.1.1

Definitions . .

Pid Algorithms And Multivariate Methods

.

5.2.1

Belle algorithms . .

5.2.2

BABAR algorithms . .

5.3

BABAR PID performance and systematics . .

5.3.1

History of PID performance in BABAR .

5.3.2

Systematic effects . .

5.4

Belle PID performance and systematics . .

6

Vertexing . .

6.1

The role of vertexing in the B Factories . .

Track Parameterization And Resolution

.

6.3

Vertex fitting by χ2 minimization . .

Primary Vertex Reconstruction And Beamspot

calibration . .

6.5

∆t determination . .

6.5.1

Reconstruction of the Btag vertex . .

6.5.2

From vertex positions to ∆t . .

∆T Resolution Function

.

7

B-meson reconstruction . .

7.1

Full hadronic B-meson reconstruction . .

7.2

Semileptonic B-meson reconstruction . .

Partial B-Meson Reconstruction

.

7.3.1

B →D∗±X decays . .

7.3.2

B →D∗±ℓνℓdecays . .

7.4

Recoil B-meson reconstruction . .

7.4.1

Hadronic tag B reconstruction . .

7.4.2

Semileptonic tag B reconstruction . .

7.4.3

Inclusive Btag reconstruction . .

Double Tagging

.

7.5

Summary . .

8.2

Definitions . .

8.3

Tagging categories . .

Physics Sources Of Flavor Information

.

Kaons

.

8.5.3

Slow pions . .

8.5.4

Correlation of kaons and slow pions . .

High-Momentum Particles

.

8.5.6

Correlation of fast and slow particles .

8.5.7

Λ baryons . .

Specific Flavor Tagging Algorithms

.

8.6.1

Multivariate tagging methods . .

Flavor Tagging In Babar

.

8.6.4

Flavor tagging in Belle . .

Background Suppression For B Decays

.

9.2

Main backgrounds to B decays . .

9.3

Topological discrimination . .

Linear Discriminants

.

Nonlinear Discriminants

.

Mixing And Time-Dependent Analyses

.

10.1

Neutral meson mixing . .

Time-Dependent Evolution

.

10.4

Resolution of ∆t . .

Events

.

10.6

Parameter extraction from data . .

11

Maximum likelihood fitting . .

11.1

Formalism of maximum likelihood fits . .

128

11.1.1 Probability Density Functions . .

11.1.2 Maximum Likelihood Estimation Of Model

parameters . .

11.1.3 Estimating The Statistical Uncertainty

using the likelihood . .

129

11.1.4 Hypothesis testing and significance . .

11.1.5 Computational Aspects Of Maximum Like-

lihood estimates . .

Structure Of Models For Signal Yield Measure-

ments and rare decay searches . .

131

11.2.1 Extended ML formalism . .

132

11.2.2 Extending a model to multiple dimensions132

11.2.3

sPlots . .

Structure Of Models For Decay Time-Dependent

measurements . .

11.3.1 Visualization Of P.D.F.S Of Decay Time

distributions . .

Techniques Used For Constraining Nuisance Pa-

rameters from control samples . .

136

11.4.1 Simultaneous fits to control regions . .

11.4.2 Simultaneous Fits To Multiple Signal Re-

gions . .

11.5

Miscellaneous issues . .

11.5.3 Computational Optimizations Of Likeli-

hood calculations . .

12

Angular analysis . .

12.1

Formalism . .

12.1.1 Spin And Helicity

.

140

12.1.2 Angular bases . .

140

12.1.3 Angular distributions in the helicity basis141

12.1.4 Angular Distributions In The Transver-

sity basis . .

141

12.1.5 CP violation . .

142

12.1.6 Time dependence . .

12.2.5 P →V V , V1 →Pγ , V2 →Pp

.

144

12.2.6 P →V V , V →Pγ . .

12.2.7 P →V V , V1 →Pp , V2 →Ll

.

12.2.8 P →V V , V1 →Pp , V2 →V Γ

.

12.3

Analysis details . .

146

12.3.1 Generators . .

12.3.2 Experimental Effects

.

147

12.4.1 Dedicated or global fits . .

147

12.4.3 Other angular analyses . .

13

Dalitz-plot analysis . .

149

13.1.1 Three-body decay phase space . .

149

13.1.2 Boundaries, kinematic constraints . .

Amplitude Description

.

13.2.1 Isobar Formalism

.

150

13.2.2 K-matrix formalism . .

13.2.3 Nonresonant Description

.

153

13.2.4 Time-dependent analyses . .

13.3

Experimental effects . .

154

13.3.1 Backgrounds . .

13.3.2 Efficiency

.

154

13.3.3 Misreconstructed signal . .

13.4

Technical details . .

155

13.4.1 Square Dalitz plot . .

13.4.2 Complex Coefficients

.

Xvi

13.4.3 Fitting . .

157

13.4.4 Fit fractions . .

13.5

Model uncertainties . .

158

13.5.1 Estimation of model uncertainties . .

13.5.2 Model-Independent Analysis

.

159

13.5.3 Model independent partial wave analysis 159

14

Blind analysis . .

14.1

Definition and brief history . .

14.2

Setting upper limits: a quantitative example .

14.3

Precision measurements . .

14.5

Examples from BABAR . .

Systematic Error Estimation

.

Differences Between Data And Simulation

.

15.1.1 Track Reconstruction

.

15.1.2 K0

S and Λ reconstruction . .

167

15.1.3 Particle identification . .

168

15.1.4 π0 reconstruction . .

15.1.5 High-Energy Photons

.

170

15.2.1 External input . .

15.2.2 Modeling Of Background

.

171

15.2.3 Fit bias . .

15.3.1 Alignment Of The Vertex Detector

.

172

15.3.2 Beamspot position, z scale and boost .

173

15.3.4 The effect of physics parameters . .

15.3.6 Tag-Side Interference

.

Anism

.

16.1

Historical background . .

16.2

CP violation and baryogenesis . .

16.3

CP violation in a Lagrangian field theory . .

16.4

The CKM matrix . .

16.5

The Unitarity Triangle . .

16.6

CP violation phenomenology for B mesons . .

B Physics

.

17.1.1 Overview Of Semileptonic B Decays

.

17.1.2 Exclusive Decays B →D(∗)ℓν

.

189

17.1.3 Inclusive Cabibbo-favored B decays . .

194

17.1.4 Exclusive decays B →πℓν . .

209

17.1.6 Evaluation of the results . .

17.2

Vtd and Vts . .

216

17.2.2 B →X(s, d)γ . .

17.3

Hadronic B to charm decays . .

221

17.3.1 Introduction . .

221

17.3.2 Theory overview . .

221

17.3.3 Decays with a single D decay (D, D∗, Ds)225 17.3.4 Decays with 2 D’s . .

227

17.3.5 Decays to charmonium . .

17.4

Charmless B decays . .

236

17.4.1 Introduction . .

17.4.2 Theoretical Overview

.

237

17.4.3 Experimental techniques . .

241

17.4.4 Two-body decays . .

245

17.4.5 Quasi-two-body decays . .

17.4.6 Dalitz Experimental Techniques

.

263

17.4.7 Three-body and Dalitz decays . .

Metry Violation Searches

.

274

17.5.1 B-meson lifetimes . .

274

17.5.2 B0 −B0 mixing . .

280

17.5.3 Tests of quantum entanglement . .

Tries In B0 −B0 Mixing

.

17.5.5 Lorentz Invariance Violation In B0 −B0

mixing . .

Φ1, Or Β

.

17.6.1 Overview Of Φ1 Measurement At The B

Factories . .

Transitions And Formalism

.

Φ1 From B →C¯Cs Decays

.

Φ1 From B →C¯Cd Decays

.

17.6.5

φ1 from b →c¯ud decays . .

Resolving Discrete Ambiguities In Φ1

.

317

17.6.9 Time-reversal violation in b →ccs decays322

328

17.7.1 Introduction . .

329

17.7.2 Event reconstruction . .

333

17.7.3 B →ππ and B →ρρ . .

1 (1260)Π∓

.

17.7.6 Su(3) Constraint Using B0 →Ρ+Ρ−,

and B+ →K∗0ρ+ . .

17.8

φ3, or γ . .

345

17.8.1 Introduction . .

345

17.8.3 ADS method . .

347

17.8.4 Dalitz plot (GGSZ) method . .

360

17.8.6 Determination of φ3 and discussion . .

Radiative And Electroweak Penguin Decays

.

365

17.9.1 Theoretical framework . .

365

17.9.2 Inclusive b →sγ . .

17.9.3 Exclusive B →Sγ

.

17.9.4 Exclusive And Inclusive B →Dγ

.

17.9.5 Rate Asymmetries In B →S(D)Γ

.

382

17.9.6 Time-dependent CP asymmetries . .

17.10 B+ →ℓ+Ν(Γ) And B →D(∗)Τν

.

395

17.10.1Overview . .

395

17.10.2B+ →ℓ+ν(γ) . .

396

17.10.3B →D(∗)τν . .

404

17.10.4Discussion and future prospects . .

407

17.11 Rare and forbidden B decays . .

Xvii

17.11.1B0 →ℓ+ℓ−(γ) . .

17.11.2B0 →Invisible

.

S →Γγ

.

414

17.11.4Lepton flavor violating modes . .

416

17.11.5Lepton number violating modes . .

17.12.1Inclusive Decays Into Baryons

.

422

17.12.2Two-body decays . .

17.12.3Decays To Baryon Antibaryon Plus Mesons428

17.12.4Radiative decays into baryons . .

439

17.12.5Semileptonic decays with a baryon-antibaryon pair . .

Introduction To Quarkonium

.

18.1.1 Quantum Numbers And Spectroscopy

.

18.1.2 Potential Models

.

442

18.1.3 Quarkonium as a multiscale system . .

443

18.1.4 Effective Field Theories . .

444

18.1.5 Lattice calculations . .

447

18.1.6 Applications . .

Conventional Charmonium

.

449

18.2.1 New conventional charmonium states .

457

18.2.3 Measurements of parameters . .

459

18.2.4 Production . .

462

18.2.5 Concluding remarks . .

18.3

Exotic charmonium-like states . .

469

18.3.1 Theoretical models . .

469

18.3.2 The X(3872) . .

470

18.3.3 The 3940 family . .

476

18.3.4 Other C = +1 states . .

477

18.3.5 The 1−−family . .

478

18.3.6 Charged charmonium-like States . .

18.3.7 Summary And Outlook

.

485

18.4.1 Introduction . .

18.4.2 Common Techniques

.

18.4.3 E+E−Energy Scans

.

486

18.4.4 Spectroscopy . .

487

18.4.5 Discovery of charged Zb states . .

496

18.4.6 Transitions and decays . .

18.4.7 Physics Beyond The Standard Model

.

19

Charm physics . .

19.1

Charmed meson decays . .

516

19.1.1 Introduction . .

516

19.1.2 Branching ratio measurements . .

520

19.1.3 Cabibbo-suppressed decays . .

530

19.1.5 Semileptonic charm decays . .

19.1.6 D+

s leptonic decays . .

19.1.9 Search For Rare Or Forbidden Semilep-

tonic charm decays . .

558

19.1.10Summary of charmed meson decays . .

19.2

D-mixing and CP violation . .

561

19.2.1 Introduction . .

561

19.2.2 Hadronic wrong-sign decays . .

567

19.2.3 Decays to CP eigenstates . .

19.2.4 T-Dependent Dalitz Analyses

.

578

19.2.5 Semileptonic decays . .

Charmed Meson Spectroscopy

.

599

19.3.1 Introduction . .

19.3.2 Production Of Charmed Mesons At B Fac-

tories . .

604

19.3.3 Non-strange charm spectroscopy . .

604

19.3.4 Charmed-strange mesons . .

Charmed Baryon Spectroscopy And Decays

.

623

19.4.1 Spectroscopy . .

623

19.4.2 Weak decays . .

631

19.4.3 Applications to light baryon spectroscopy635

Mass Of The Tau Lepton

.

20.3

Tests of lepton universality . .

20.3.1 Charged Current Universality Between

µ-e . .

Charged Current Universality Between

τ-µ . .

20.4.1 Tau Lepton Data Samples And Search Strate-

gies . .

20.4.2 Results On Lfv Decays Of The Tau From

Belle and BABAR . .

20.4.3 Future Prospects

.

20.5

CP violation in the tau lepton system . .

644

20.5.1 Electric dipole moment of the tau lepton 645

20.5.2 Cp Violation In Tau Decay

.

651

20.6.1 Theory . .

651

20.6.2 Tau lepton branching fractions . .

20.6.3 Hadronic Spectral Functions: Cabibbo-

favored modes . .

20.6.4 Hadronic Spectral Functions: Cabibbo-

suppressed modes . .

660

20.6.6 Inclusive strange spectral functions . .

660

20.6.7 Search for second-class currents . .

Cvc And Vacuum Hadronic Polariza-

tion contribution in (g −2)µ . .

Cvc And Ππ Branching Fraction

.

20.8

Measurement of |Vus| . .

Summary Of The Tau Section

.

21

Initial state radiation studies . .

21.2

The Initial State Radiation method . .

21.2.1 Radiator Function And Monte Carlo Gen-

erators . .

21.2.3 Mass Resolution And Energy Scale

.

Exclusive Hadronic Cross-Sections

.

Xviii

21.3.1 Common analysis strategy . .

672

21.3.2 Hadronic vacuum polarization . .

672

21.3.3 Measurement of e+e−→π+π−(γ) . .

21.3.4 Impact Of Isr Results On (G −2)Μ And

α(MZ) . .

21.3.5 Light Meson Spectroscopy

.

679

21.3.6 Search for fJ(2220) . .

21.3.7 Measurement Of Time-Like Baryon Form

factors . .

21.4

Open charm production . .

21.4.1 Measurement Of Exclusive D(∗)+D(∗)−

production far from threshold . .

Via Full Reconstruction

.

S

.

694

21.4.5 Three-body charm final states . .

21.4.6 Charm Baryon Production In E+E−An-

nihilation . .

696

21.4.7 Sum of exclusive vs inclusive cross section696

21.5

Search for exotic charmonium . .

21.5.1 Y Family States In Isr Π+Π−J/Ψ

.

697

21.5.2 Y family states in ISR π+π−ψ(2S) . .

21.6

Dark force searches . .

700

21.6.1 Searches for a dark photon . .

21.6.2 A Search For Dark Gauge Bosons

.

21.6.3 A Search For Dark Higgs Bosons

.

22

Two-photon physics . .

22.1

Descriptions of two-photon topics to be covered 703 22.1.1 Introduction for two-photon physics . .

703

22.1.2 Cross section for γγ collisions (zero-tag) 703

22.1.3 Resonance Production

.

704

22.1.4 Single-tag measurements . .

704

22.1.5 Monte-Carlo Techniques . .

22.2

Pseudoscalar meson-pair production . .

705

22.2.1 Light-quark meson resonances . .

Vector Meson-Pair Production

.

22.4

η′π+π−production . .

22.5

Baryon-pair production . .

22.6

Charmonium formation . .

Form Factor Measurements With Single-Tag Pro-

cesses . .

22.7.1 The Γγ∗Π0 Transition Form Factor

.

22.7.2 The Γγ∗Η And Γγ∗Η′ Transition Form Fac-

tors . .

22.7.3 The Γγ∗Ηc Transition Form Factor

.

23.2

Basic Υ(5S) properties and beauty hadronization722 23.2.1 Event classification . .

In A Data Sample

.

723

23.2.4 bb cross section at the Υ(5S) . .

23.2.5 Fraction Of Bb Events With B0

s mesons .

S And B Decay Reconstruc-

tion technique . .

23.2.7 Fractions Of Events With B Mesons

.

Measurements Of B0

s decays at Υ(5S) . .

23.3.1 B0

s semileptonic branching fraction . .

S →J/Ψf0(980)

.

23.3.5 Charmless Decays B0

s →hh, h = π, K .

S →Φγ, B0

s →γγ . .

23.4

Conclusion . .

24.1

Fragmentation . .

739

24.1.1 Introduction . .

24.1.2 Unpolarized Fragmentation Functions

.

24.1.3 Polarized Fragmentation Functions

.

752

24.1.4 Summary on fragmentation functions .

24.2

Pentaquark searches . .

759

24.2.1 Theoretical studies on pentaquarks . .

759

24.2.2 Positive claims in 2003–2005 . .

24.2.3 Inclusive Production Searches

.

762

24.2.4 Searches in B decays . .

Tector Material

.

25

Global interpretation . .

25.1

Global CKM fits . .

768

25.1.1 Introduction . .

768

25.1.2 CP violation in the era of the B Factories768 25.1.3 Methodology . .

25.1.4 Experimental Inputs

.

25.1.5 Theoretical Inputs: Derivation Of Hadronic

observables . .

772

25.1.6 Results from the global fits . .

Benchmark New Physics Models

.

777

25.2.1 Short description of NP models . .

778

25.2.2 Detailed description of NP models . .

B

The BABAR Collaboration author list . .

The Belle Collaboration Author List

.

Deployment In Out-Of-Position Situations

D. Bendjaballah1, A. Bouchoucha1, M. L. Sahli1,2* and J-C. Gelin2

Abstract

Side-impact collisions represent the second greatest cause of fatality in motor vehicle accidents. Side-impact airbags have been installed in recent model year vehicle due to its effectiveness in reducing passengers’ injuries and fatality rates. In meeting these requirements, simulations of folding and deploying airbags are very useful and are widely used. The paper presents a simulation method for the deploying airbags using three materials in different working conditions. Finite element analysis is primarily used to evaluate this concept. In these simulations, the gas flow is described by the conservation laws of mass, momentum, and energy. The numerical results indicate that the FE method in this paper is capable of capturing airbag deploying process accurately.

Keywords: Airbag simulations, Out-of-position, Crash, Modeling, Out-of-position

Background

The passive safety of cars has become a very high prior- ity issue for the automotive industry. Today, there are not only one or two airbags in a car; certain models have ten times more than that. With the increasing usage of airbags, the number of accidents where the airbag itself can cause an injury to the occupant also increases

(Augenstein Et Al. 2003; Gabauer And Gabler 2010;

Audrey et al. 2011). As is well known, safety belts are also now devices designed to provide protection to the users of vehicles during crash events, minimizing the loads necessary to adapt their movement to the move- ment of the car (Freesmeier and Butler 1999; Schmitt et al. 1997). In general, the seat belt is designed to restrain the occupant in the vehicle and prevent the

Occupant From Having Harsh Contacts With Interior

surfaces of the vehicles. The airbag acts to cushion any impact with vehicle structure and has positive internal pressure, which can exert distributed restraining forces over the head and face. As a safety component of auto- mobile, an airbag decreases occupants’ injury likelihood effectively in case of an accident (Ruff et al. 2007). These safety elements can reduce the death rates on the roads, and its protection effects have been widely approved (Crandall et al. 2001; Teru and Ishikawa 2003). With computational tools such as finite element methods designed for dynamic contact problems, crashworthiness simulations can now be used with reliable accuracy to evaluate occupant protection in various collision condi- tions with safety metric/parameters such as acceleration, head injury criteria, intrusion distance, intrusion vel- ocity, and neck forces (neck injury risk or whiplash).

Thus, new types of airbag products are being developed to handle different collision scenarios.

Become Standard Equipment On Most New Passenger

vehicles (Braver and Kyrychenko 2004; Teng et al. 2007; Yoganandan et al. 2007). The airbag cushion is com- posed of a woven fabric which is rapidly inflated during a car crash. The airbag dissipates the passenger’s kinetic energy thereby reducing injury through biaxial stretching of the fabric bag and escaping gas through vents. There- fore, the performance of the airbag is greatly influenced by the mechanical properties of the fabric. Generally, air bags are designed to deploy in a crash that is equivalent to a vehicle crashing into a solid wall at 8 to 14 mph.

Air bags most often deploy when a vehicle collides with another vehicle or with a solid object like a tree. There are various types of airbags: frontal, side-impact, and curtain airbags. In general, the passenger side airbags are usually larger than the driver airbags (see Fig. 1).

Besançon, France

© The Author(s). 2017 Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.

Bendjaballah et al. International Journal of Mechanical

Doi 10.1186/S40712-016-0070-2

Extensive studies have shown that the airbag deploy- ment in load cases consists of two occupant loading phases: a punch-out effect where the airbag bursts out of its container with the airbag and airbag module cover accelerating towards the occupant and a second loading phase during which the airbag is taking on its deployed shape and volume (membrane-loading effect). Bankdak et al. (2002) developed an experimental airbag test system to study airbag-occupant interactions during close proximity deployment. The results provided insight for simulating the effect of inflation energy and mass flow on target response. Bedard et al. (2002) found that while left-side (driver-side) impacts accounted for only 13.5% of all crashes, the fatality rate among these

Crashes Was 68.3% In Comparison To Front Impact

(48.3%), right-side impact (31.3%), and rear impact (38.4%). These studies underscore the importance of oc- cupant safety during side-impact collisions. In the last years, the current market requested to reduce the time and cost airbag development. In order to achieve this result, virtual simulations play an important role since they allow to minimize the number of experimental tests (Pei et al. 2013; Cao et al. 2014). Several simulation models of airbag were established (Wang et al. 2007). It is feasible to optimize the parameters of airbag deploy- ment using simulation technology. Experimental and numerical studies have quantified injury risks to close- proximity occupants from deploying side airbags. These studies have focused on the prevention of the most ad- verse effects of airbag deployment (Duma et al. 2003).

Other studies have proposed airbag characteristics to minimize particular biomechanical responses (Haland and Pipkorn 1996). In a more recent study, Marklund and Nilsson (2003) compared deformation patterns with experimental data as well as the computational costs associated with three different airbag deployment simu- lation methods; they concluded that the SPH method is relatively inexpensive and produces incremental deform- ation patterns that compare most closely to the experi- mental results. The process of inflation of an airbag is one of the determining factors in saving lives. The duration from the initial impact of the crash to the full inflation of an airbag is about 40 ms, and during this time, the airbag goes from being in a folded state to a fully inflated state, with a high internal pressure. After achieving this state, the airbag begins to deflate, thus providing a nice cushion for the body impacting it.

Ideally, the person in the crash should come into contact with the airbag at this time. In the present study, a large volume passenger side airbag model is developed to handle different collision scenarios. The main aim is evaluate the performance of deploying of passenger side airbag using finite element methods (FEM).

Materials

The tensile specimens were made in different airbags (P: Peugeot, R: Renault, and VW: Volkswagen) with a length of 200 mm long and a width of 40 mm. Table 1 shows the mechanical properties of the airbag.

Tensile Tests

To determine the mechanical properties of the material of airbag used in the test pieces, tensile tests were performed on Lloyd EZ20 universal testing machine in Constantine. These tests were conducted using rect- angular samples. The axial force and axial displacement acquired during a test are converted into stress and the strain in order to be used for the fabric material model.

The continuous recording of the stress-strain data was performed during both the load and unload phases. A minimum of five samples were made in order to check the repeatability of the measurements. All the data was collected by using a PC-based data acquisition system and analyzed by commercial software. The picture frame test device that is made for this study is shown in Fig. 2.

Fig. 1 a Frontal and side airbags. b Oblique view of facet occupant model in sitting posture following airbag deployment (Lim et al. 2014)

0.150

Bendjaballah et al. International Journal of Mechanical and Materials Engineering (2017) 12:12

Page 2 Of 9

Figure 3 shows the stress-strain relationship of the airbag sample under axial tensile loads. The results are showing a linear increase in extension with the increas- ing stresses. This is an expected output and it confirms with the theoretical behavior of a sample subjected to tensile stress. The rupture strain values for different airbags (R/P/VW) were 0.322, 0.441, and 0.472, respect- ively. The measured elastic parameters (i.e., Young’s modulus E and initial yield strength) and Poisson’s ratio are summarized in Table 2. The tensile tests of the woven fabrics can show differences on mechanical prop- erties because woven fabrics can resist in-plane shear loads once the yarn lock-up angle has been reached. The differences of material property on material direction can affect the shape of fully deployed bag (see Fig. 3b).

Theoretical Background

Numerical simulations of airbags use very complex and techniques such as an orthotropic model to identify the mechanical behaviors during the airbag inflation and the fluid mechanics (gas flow) to describe the inflator gas flow (pressure gradient) and improve the representation of the pressures within the airbag. To model the airbag as an orthotropic model, three material constants have to be provided. Assuming a plane stress condition, the

Ð1Þ

where σ is the normal stress and τ is the shear stress, the subscript refers to the principal material directions, i.e., the fill and warp directions. Also, ε and γ are the strain components. The material elastic constants Qij are

Ð2Þ

where E1 and E2 are the Young’s modulus in the fill and wrap directions and G12 is the shear modulus of the fabric material. νij is the Poisson ratio of the material.

The gas exerts a pressure load on the airbag causing it to expand. This expansion puts the airbag under tensile stress lowering the expansion rate. In this study, heat conduction and heat transfer is not taken into account.

Fig. 2 A photograph of Lloyd EZ20 universal testing Fig. 3 Stress versus strain using Lloyd EZ20 machine for a three different airbags at 0° and 90° and b VW airbag test specimens at

Different Angles

Table 2 Physical and mechanical properties of the airbag

Page 3 Of 9

In the deployment of an airbag, an inflator supplies high velocity gas into an airbag causing it to expand rapidly. The gas inside the airbag is assumed to be ideal, to be of constant entropy, and to satisfy the equation of state:

Ð3Þ

Here p, ρ, and e are respectively the pressure, density, and specific internal energy, and γ is the ratio of the heat capacities of the gas. The gas flow is described by the conservation laws for mass, momentum, and energy that

Ð4Þ

here, V is a volume, A is the boundary of this volume,

N Is The Normal Vector Along The Surface A, And U

denotes the velocity vector in the volume. Applying Bernoulli’s equation in the case of an ideal gas with

Ð5Þ

Here, the subscript ex denotes quantities at the throat of the tube. Furthermore u, p, and ρ denote the quan- tities inside that part of the tube that is supplying mass.

Materials And Boundary Conditions

The airbag system mainly consists of three parts: the airbag itself, the inflator unit, and the crash sensor or diagnostic unit. Thus, to study the behavior of the airbag using FE simulations, we need to have an FE model of the airbag in the folded position. A FE model of the airbag was used to simulate the test condition as shown in Fig. 5. LS-DYNA® material model FABRIC (MAT_34) is used to simulate the airbag material. It is a variation of the layered orthotropic material model. Additionally, in the LS-DYNA® material model, fabric leakage can be accounted for. However, for this CAB material, the leak- age is almost negligible and therefore no leakage is specified. The mechanical properties can be determined from the physical test. Typical material properties for airbag fabrics are taken as given in Chawla et al. (2004a) (Table 3). These properties are used to simulate inflation process of airbag (see Table 1). The car dashboard is modeled as the rectangular thin plate using a MAT_RI-

Gid Material, And The Degrees Of Freedom Are Con-

strained in all the directions. The similar properties of thermoplastic polymer are assigned for contact purposes. The porosity of the fabric is assumed zero. The nitro- gen gas is taken for inflating the airbag. Properties of nitrogen gas and initial bag conditions are shown in Table 4. The example on which we perform the study is a typical passenger side airbag. The geometric de- tails have been measured from a commercially avail- able airbag. The initial state of the airbag is a closed rectangular whose sides are to be finished to 482 × 635 mm2 and is shown in Fig. 4.

Table 3 Material properties of airbag and rigid plate used in FE

–

Table 4 Initial values used for FE simulation of the swelling of

3.33 × 10−4

Fig. 4 The initial airbag geometry in the form of a rectangular Bendjaballah et al. International Journal of Mechanical and Materials Engineering (2017) 12:12

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